Abstract
This chapter brings some clarity to the various aspects of marine data collection. There are four general categories of marine data collection: marine scientific research, surveys, operational oceanography, and exploration and exploitation. The chapter examines what is involved in each of these activities, reviews the applicable legal regimes, and demonstrates that surveys, operational oceanography, and exploration and exploitation are not marine scientific research regulated by Part XIII of the Law of the Sea Convention; rather they are subject to separate legal regimes. For the purposes of the analysis, there are two forms of surveys, hydrographic surveys and military surveys. Hydrographic surveys are activities undertaken to obtain information for the making of navigational charts and for the safety of navigation. Military surveys involve the collection of marine data for military purposes. Operational oceanography is the routine collection of ocean observations, such as temperature, pressure, and current, in all maritime zones. Keywords: hydrographic surveys; Law of the Sea Convention; legal regimes; marine data collection; marine scientific research; military surveys; operational oceanography
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