Abstract
Regulating the frequencies of power grids by controlling electric vehicle charging and discharging, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ancillary services, is a promising and profitable means of providing flexibility that integrates variable renewable energy (VRE) into traditional power systems. However, the ancillary services market is a niche, and the scale, saturation, and time-dependency are unclear when assuming future changes in the power system structure. We studied the marginal value of V2G ancillary services as a balancing capacity of the power system operation on the load-frequency control (LFC) timescale and evaluated the reasonable maximum capacity of the LFC provided by V2G. As a case study, we assumed that the Japanese power system would be used under various VRE penetration scenarios and considered the limited availability time of V2G, based on the daily commuter cycle. The power system operation was modeled by considering pumped storage, interconnection lines, and thermal power–partial load operations. The results show that the marginal value of V2G was greater during the daytime than overnight, and the maximum cost saving (USD 705.6/EV/year) occurred during the daytime under the high-VRE scenario. Improving the value and size of V2G ancillary services required coordination with energy storage and excess VRE generation.
Highlights
The destabilization of power systems due to the uncertainties in variable renewable energy (VRE) impedes the further deployment of VRE and the realization of a more sustainable society
The contributions of this paper are threefold: (a) we evaluated the dependence of the marginal value of loadfrequency control (LFC) timescale flexibility on the hours of the day under various VRE penetration scenarios; (b) the reasonable maximum capacity of the V2G power control on the LFC timescale (V2G LFC) to be provided for the power system was determined by considering the limited availability time based on the duty cycle of commuter electric vehicles (EVs); (c) studying changes in the operation of the power system due to V2G LFC revealed that improving the value of the V2G LFC required coordination with storage and excess VRE generation
We examined the marginal value of the balancing capacity of V2G on the LFC timescale by considering the market size and saturation trends of ancillary services for future structural changes in the Japanese power system
Summary
The destabilization of power systems due to the uncertainties in variable renewable energy (VRE) impedes the further deployment of VRE and the realization of a more sustainable society. To address this issue, it is necessary to enhance power system flexibility by integrating both supply- and demand-side resources [1]. A technology that allows bidirectional power flow from electric vehicles (EVs) to the grid by controlling the charging and discharging of EVs offers demand-side flexibility. This technology is known as vehicleto-grid (V2G) technology [2]. Stakeholders need to better understand and appreciate the benefits of V2G when promoting and supporting its adoption
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