Abstract
The impervious surface area (ISA) has become an important parameter in the areas such as surface runoff, climate change, and socioeconomic analysis. However, using remote sensing data to accurately map ISA is still difficult due to its complexity in the arid and semi-arid areas with large amounts of bare soil, sparse vegetation, and a small ISA. In this study, we have selected Ordos city as study area and examined the spatial pattern and dynamics in the years of 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2019 by using multiple data sources with a combination method. The results indicate that the ISAs in 2010, 2015, and 2019 were extracted with overall accuracies of 90.6%, 89.2%, and 91.8% with kappa coefficients of 0.79, 0.76, and 0.82, respectively. The ISA extraction results of the Urban Index (UI), Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), Index-based Built-Up Index (IBI), and Impervious Built-up Index from optical sensors (IBUIopt) were used for comparison. Meanwhile, a correlation analysis between socioeconomic factors and the ISA of the typical resource-based city of Ordos was conducted. The spatial pattern and dynamics of the ISA data in Ordos city are of great significance to the study of socioeconomic and environmental changes and provide a reference to examine the effect of ISAs in other resource-based cities.
Highlights
With the rapid development of global urbanization, over half of the World’s population (54%) lives in urban areas [1]
At regional and the global scales, MODIS imagery with 250 m spatial resolution and NTL data (e.g., DMSP-OLS with 1 km spatial resolution and VIIRS-DNB with 500 m spatial resolution) have been used in Impervious surface area (ISA) mapping [22], [47], high spatial resolution images are better for distinguishing features and can be used instead [25]–[27]
A combination of NTL data (DMSP-OLS and VIIRS-DNB) and Landsat imagery is proved to be effective for ISA mapping in arid and semiarid regions
Summary
With the rapid development of global urbanization, over half of the World’s population (54%) lives in urban areas [1]. The urban population in the world will reach 6.3 billion and the ratio is projected to 66% of the world’s population by 2050 [2]. Urbanization is related to population growth and the economic development [3], [4]. There are many kinds of research that have demonstrated that the city development model can affect the economic development and ecological environment [5], [6]. Impervious surfaces are usually defined as man-made features that do not allow water to penetrate through the ground, e.g., cement roads, building roofs, and parking lots.
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