Abstract
The intensity and frequency of coral bleaching events have increased worldwide especially due to thermal stress and seawater pollution. Although it has been observed that metal concentration in seawater can affect the coral’s ability to adopt cellular defensive mechanisms to counteract bleaching, more investigations are needed to better understand the role of metals in coral physiology. In this study, we analyzed the individual and combined effects of prolonged heat stress and manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) enrichments at the cellular level on the coralStylophora pistillata. Thermal stress caused an up-regulation in the expression of the host Heat shock proteins (Hsps) 60 and 70, which showed a parallel pattern of modulation in all treatments, as well as an increase of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the holobiont. Fe enrichment did not induce any change in Hsp expression or in the oxidative status of the corals both at the ambient temperature of 26°C or at increased temperature, suggesting that Fe didn’t seem to play a role in mitigating the cellular damages and the coral bleaching. Mn or MnFe enrichment at 26°C seemed to increase the oxidative stress in zooxanthellae, since high LPO and glutathione reductase (GR) levels were recorded, but it did not cause any effect on polyp Hsp expression, probably due to the antioxidant action of GR. With the temperature increase, Mn enrichments prevented any increase in Hsp levels and caused a significant decrease of LPO and GR activity, strengthening a previous hypothesis suggesting that Mn could mitigate the negative cellular effects produced by the thermal stress.
Highlights
Over the last decades, coral bleaching events have become more frequent and severe, representing a persistent threat to reef health (Oliver et al, 2018; Eakin et al, 2019)
Each monoclonal antibody produced in all samples a single specific band (Supplementary Figure 1), whose molecular weight corresponds to that expected based on the amino acid sequences (Seveso et al, 2020)
At 32◦C, the Hsp70 and Hsp60 levels detected in Mn and MnFe enriched samples were similar to those of corals maintained at 26◦C and no significant modulation of Heat shock proteins (Hsps) following heat stress was observed (Figures 1B,D and Table 1)
Summary
Coral bleaching events have become more frequent and severe, representing a persistent threat to reef health (Oliver et al, 2018; Eakin et al, 2019). Thermal stress may elicit different types of damage within coral and symbiont cells (Hoegh-Guldberg, 1999; Weis, 2008) It may disrupt the inter-partner molecular and cell signaling, causing the impairment of the cellular and physiological mechanisms that maintain the partnership homeostasis (Davy et al, 2012; Cleves et al, 2020; Rosset et al, 2020; Suggett and Smith, 2020; Williams et al, 2021). Recent studies have found that ROS production by the symbiont does not seem to be the direct cause of bleaching, highlighting the need for further investigations (Nielsen et al, 2018; Rädecker et al, 2021)
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