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Abstract
BackgroundMastitis endangers the health of domestic animals and humans, and may cause problems concerning food safety. It is documented that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play significant roles in attenuating saturated fatty acids (SFA)-induced inflammation. This study was therefore conducted to determine whether mammary inflammation could be affected by consumption of diets rich in n-3 PUFA.MethodsForty-eight rats after mating began to receive diets supplemented with 5% fish oil (FO) or 7% soybean oil (SO). Blood and mammary tissue samples (n = 6) at day 0 and 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum were collected 9 hours after intramammary infusion of saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to determine free fatty acids (FFA) concentration and FA composition in plasma and inflammation mediators in mammary tissues.ResultsAt day 14 of gestation and day 3 postpartum, the FO-fed rats had lower plasma concentrations of C18:2n6, C20:4n6, total n-6 PUFA and SFA, and higher plasma concentrations of C20:5n3 and total n-3 PUFA than the SO-fed rats. Plasma C22:6n3 concentration was also higher in the FO-fed than in the SO-fed rats at day 3 postpartum. Compared with the SO-fed rats, the FO-fed rats had lower mammary mRNA abundance of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) and protein level of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but had higher mammary mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-10 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ at day 14 of gestation. Following LPS infusion at day 3 postpartum, the SO-fed rats had increased plasma concentrations of FFA, C18:1n9, C18:3n3, C18:2n6 and total n-6 PUFA, higher mammary mRNA abundances of IL-1β, TNF-α and XOR but lower mammary mRNA abundance of IL-10 than the FO-fed rats.ConclusionsMammary inflammation around parturition appeared to be attenuated by consumption of a diet rich in n-3 PUFA, which was associated with up-regulated expression of IL-10 and PPAR-γ.
Highlights
Mastitis endangers the health of domestic animals and humans, and may cause problems concerning food safety
Effect of reproductive stages and diet type on plasma free fatty acids (FFA) concentration and inflammation mediators in rat mammary glands Plasma FFA concentration in both groups was higher at day 3 postpartum than at day 0 and 14 of gestation, with no difference observed between groups at each of the time points evaluated (Figure 1)
Given that inflammatory responses are in strong association with fatty acids (FA) types such as n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), we firstly examined the plasma FA profile at different reproductive stages of rats receiving different diets
Summary
Mastitis endangers the health of domestic animals and humans, and may cause problems concerning food safety. The current method to treat mastitis is to use antibiotics [6], which may lower the quality of animal products, and threaten the health of humans. It is generally considered that exogenous pathogens are the main causes of mastitis, as E.coli and staphylococcus have been confirmed to play key roles in inducing mastitis in domestic animals [6,7]. These microorganisms may activate the mammary innate immune systems and cause inflammatory responses. Recent studies indicated that in addition to LPS, saturated fatty
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