Malignant orofacial neoplasms in Lagos, Nigeria

Abstract

To analyse general differences in age, gender, anatomic location of the various histological types of malignant neoplasm involving the oral and maxillofacial region at a tertiary referral centre in Nigeria and to compare this with reports in the literature. Retrospective analysis. A tertiary referral centre in Lagos, Nigeria. All patients with a histological diagnosis of malignancy were included provided the final surgical histology reports as well as the biopsy reports were available for review. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) with a peak age incidence in the 6th decade of life and a male to female ratio of 1.65 to 1 was the most common cancer (42.8%). Males with SCCA (mean = 48.7 years) were relatively younger than females (mean = 58.8 years). Eighteen percent of patients with SCCA were below 40 years at presentation and males were predominantly affected at a ratio of 5.2:1. Majority of the SCCA (75%) were well/moderately well differentiated. However, in patients below 40 years, 45.9% had poorly differentiated SCCA. The Most commonly affected sites for SCCA were the maxillary antrum (36.7%), mandibular gingiva/ alveolus (23.0%) and tongue (12.04%). Patients who presented with antral SCCA were relatively younger (mean = 48.9 years) than those who had SCCA involving the mandibular gingiva/ alveolus (mean = 57.1 years) as well as floor of mouth (mean = 56.3 years). Furthermore, males with antral SCCA were younger than their female counterparts. Similarly, males who had mandibular gingiva/ alveolus SCCA (mean = 48.4 years) were younger than their female counterparts (mean = 62.8 years). Majority of the glandular carcinomas (GLDCAs) arose from minor salivary glands (63.0%). Thirty seven per cent of these patients were below 40 years at presentation. Females who had antral GLDCA (mean = 32.4 years) were relatively younger than their male counterparts (mean = 49 years). Most of the patients who presented with sarcoma were below 40 years (77.4%) and males were younger (22. 8 years) than females (mean = 35.4 years). The proportion of orofacial cancers that is SCCA in Nigerians is relatively low because of a relatively high proportion of GLDCA and Burkitt's lymphoma. A relatively high proportion of patients with SCCA were below 40 years at presentation. They were predominantly males who presented with poorly differentiated tumours.