Abstract
Hamzah Fansuri is well known as the first Sufi poet in the Malay world and should be studied as part of both Sufism and literature because he was the first to expound the theory of wahdat al-wujūd in the Malay archipelago and express his feelings for Sufism using the rubā'ī verse form. He has been called the “Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī of the Malay world” because of his pioneering combination of Sufism and literature in the region. Hamza Fansûrî reveals his understanding of the main themes of vahdet-i wujûd (unity of existence) in his poem “Ikan Tunggal.” The poems’ content and style are a restatement of the wahdat al-wujūd (in Malay) that had been previously developed and interpreted by many early significant Sufi writers such as Bāyazīd Bistāmī, Mansūr al-Hallāj, Ibn al-'Arabī, Sadr al-Dīn al-Qunawi, Farīd al-Dīn Attār, Mawlānā Jalāl alDīn Rūmī, Fakhr al-Dīn 'Irākī, Abdul Karim Jili, and Abd Al-Rahmān Jāmī. Hamzah Fansuri generally uses symbolic language in his Ikan Tunggal poem when expressing the “nūr Muhammadī/light of Muhammad and the “al-insān al-kāmil/perfect human-being” in the wahdat al-wujūd framework.
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