Making a Green World

Abstract

Collective-action problems occur when it takes inputs and efforts of multiple individuals in order to achieve joint outcomes and it is difficult to exclude beneficiaries of these actions from benefiting even if they do not contribute. Collective-action problems vary in scale from very small problems involving only a few individuals to extremely large problems involving global resources, such as atmosphere and oceans. Solving collective-action problems requires opening public and private spheres of activities ranging from small to very large so as to encourage effective problem solving. Environmental problems and challenges require a multidisciplinary and serious study. It needs an integrated approach on economy, politics, ecology, social stability, sustainability and spatial planning. Environmental policies are principal means by which societies attempt to adapt to ecological constraints, and to mediate between competing demands and values. various strategies can be adopted to make a green world like Sustainable development, Resource Conservation, Green Economy, Bio-regionalism, Ecological Citizenship, Green Democracy, Changing Lifestyles, Enegy Policies, Legislature, Voluntary Control and Green Values. Sustainable development is a huge and complex challenge at least in ethical terms. The nature of this ethical challenge may be summarized in terms of three types of obligation to which sustainable development relates: towards people who are already living, towards people who are not yet born and towards species other than humans.. The basic thrust of Resource Conservation standpoint was to restrain reckless exploitation of forests, soils, etc., characteristic of pioneer stage of modern social development by imposing ethical and legal requirements that natural resources be used wisely, meaning (in Gifford Pinchot's words)that they should be used greatest good of greatest number (of humans), as distinct from being used to profit a few, and that good should be considered in the long run, that is, in terms of a sustainable society. Most Green economists have tackled problem of scale (i.e., protection of ecological carrying capacity) by advocating (i) a range of new fiscal measures (such as resource depletion quotas and higher resource taxes and pollution charges) designed to control resource depletion and reduce material-energy throughput (ii) more comprehensive, and longer-range, environmental impact assessment and technology assessment and (iii) replacement of indiscriminate GDP statistics with an alternative index of economic progress designed to provide a more meaningful yardstick by which to measure economic well-being. Bioregionalism represents a specifically ecological rendition of contemporary movement toward break up of nation-states. It differs from separatists on ground that they demand ecological preconditions of nationhood. Environmental citizenship borrows idea of transnational citizenship from cosmopolitan tradition. Thus environmental citizenship speaks language of obligation, of common good and of global reach of citizenship relations. In these respects it takes a rather different view of human motivation to fiscal incentive strategy. It recognizes (or assumes) that people sometimes act in order to ‘do good’ as well as to try to ensure some gain for themselves.