Abstract
Biotechnology is any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for a specific use. Agricultural biotechnology is the area of biotechnology involving applications to agriculture. Based on an understanding of DNA, scientists have developed solutions to increase agricultural productivity. Integrating recombinant techniques into conventional breeding programs could substantially enhance the efficiency of agricultural research and development. Breeding could be accelerated due to the more targeted transfer of desired genes into the crop. The major transgenic breeding objectives are; improving the agronomic traits and quality traits of different crops. Deliberate alteration of the genome of an organism by introduction of one or a few specific foreign genes is referred to as 'genetic engineering' or 'genetic transformation', and the modified organism is described as a 'transformed' or 'transgenic' organism. Achievements of biotechnology in crops were producing Bt crops, herbicide resistance crops, salinity tolerant crops, drought-tolerant crops and so on. Genetically engineered crop varieties that farmers deploy. Transgenic crops, especially those with resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors, fit well into small-scale farming systems and can easily be integrated without adjusting traditional cropping practices. The comparatively low setup cost for adopting genetically engineered technologies at the farm level also makes this technology useful for semi-subsistence agriculture. Plant tissue culture also one of the applications of biotechnology used to improve crops and used to increase the speed or efficiency of the breeding process, to improve the accessibility of existing germplasm and to create new variation for crop improvement. Generally, the role of crop biotechnology for food security and poverty reduction should not be overrated. Many problems in low- and middle-income countries are not amenable to technological solutions.
Highlights
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value
An example of traditional agricultural biotechnology is the development of disease-resistant wheat varieties by cross-breeding different wheat types until the desired disease resistance was present in a resulting new variety [26]
Glyphosate herbicide (Roundup) tolerance conferred by expression of a glyphosate-tolerant form of the plant enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) isolated from the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain CP4 Resistance to insect pests, the European corn borer, through the expression of the insecticidal protein Cry1Ab from Bacillus thuringiensis High laureate levels achieved by inserting the gene for ACP thioesterase from the California bay tree Umbellulariacalifornica Resistance to plum pox virus conferred by insertion of a coat protein (CP) gene from the virus
Summary
Biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and improve plants, animals, and microorganisms to enhance their value. In the 1970s, advances in the field of molecular biology provided scientists with the ability to manipulate DNA the chemical building blocks that specify the characteristics of living organisms at the molecular level It allows the transfer of DNA between more distantly related organisms than was possible with traditional breeding techniques. Today, this technology has reached a stage where scientists can take one or more specific genes from nearly any organism, including plants, animals, bacteria, or viruses, and introduce those genes into another organism. This paper aimed to review and document the major achievements of biotechnology in agricultural crop improvement
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