Magnified x-ray phase imaging using asymmetric Bragg reflection: Experiment and theory

Abstract

X-ray imaging using asymmetric Bragg reflection in the hard x-ray regime opens the way to improve the spatial resolution limit below $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ by magnifying the image before detection, simultaneously providing a strong phase contrast. A theoretical formalism of the imaging process is established. Based on this algorithm, numerical simulations are performed and demonstrate that both Fresnel propagation and Bragg diffraction contribute to contrast formation. The achievable resolution of this technique is investigated theoretically; the results obtained can be used to improve future experimental setups. Furthermore, the minimum detectable phase gradient is estimated, for comparison with other phase sensitive imaging techniques. Results from biological objects demonstrate that the technique is viable for imaging both in two and three dimensions. Refraction contrast images are extracted from experimental projection images by an algorithm similar to diffraction-enhanced imaging (DEI), and used to achieve three-dimensional tomographic reconstruction.