Abstract
We study the thermodynamic properties of a relativistic magnetized neutral vector boson gas at any temperature. By comparing the results with the low temperature and the non relativistic descriptions of this gas, we found that the fully relativistic case can be separated in two regimes according to temperature. For low temperatures, magnetic field effects dominate and the system shows a spontaneous magnetization, its pressure splits in two components and, eventually, a transversal magnetic collapse might occur. In the high temperature region, the gas behavior is led by pair production. The presence of antiparticles preserves the isotropy in the pressure, and increases the magnetization and the total pressure of the system by several orders. Astrophysical implications of those behaviors are discussed.
Highlights
The obtaining in the laboratory of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) for composite particles constituted one of the milestones of physics at the end of the last century, and it came along with the demonstration that Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity can be considered as the limiting states of another more general phenomenon: fermion pairing [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Our calculations were inspired by astrophysics; they have a per se interest and can be useful in other scenarios like particle physics and condensed matter physics
The numerical study of the magnetized neutral vector boson gas (NVBG) in astrophysical conditions allowed us to evaluate the relative influence of the particle density, the magnetic field, and temperature in the system
Summary
The obtaining in the laboratory of the Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) for composite particles constituted one of the milestones of physics at the end of the last century, and it came along with the demonstration that Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity can be considered as the limiting states of another more general phenomenon: fermion pairing [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Bose-Einstein condensates are popular in cosmology as an alternative to the standard cold dark matter (CDM) model in small scales (≈10 kpc or less) [31] Such models are based on the supposition that dark matter is composed of very light hypothetical bosons (m ∼ 10−21–10−22 eV), known as axions [31,32,33,34,35]. Fermion densities are so high that thermal fluctuations become negligible even at the billions of kelvins reached inside neutron stars This limit does not work as well for bosons, because due to BEC they are very sensitive to environmental changes (variations in particle density, temperature, and magnetic field) as we have already reported in some preliminary studies on magnetized spin-one particles at finite temperature [36,37]. This provides a better understanding of the underlaying physics, as well as a quick way to detect the high temperature effects
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