Abstract
In this analysis, we aim to examine the heat transfer and flow characteristics of a copper-aluminum/water hybrid nanofluid in the presence of viscous dissipation, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), and porous medium effect over the shrinking sheet. The governing equations of the fluid model have been acquired by employment of the model of Tiwari and Das, with additional properties of the hybrid nanofluid. The system of partial differential equations (PDEs) has been converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by adopting the exponential similarity transformation. Similarity transformation is an essential class of phenomenon where the symmetry of the scale helps to reduce the number of independent variables. Note that ODE solutions demonstrate the PDEs symmetrical behavior for the velocity and temperature profiles. With BVP4C solver in the MATLAB program, the system of resulting equations has been solved. We have compared the present results with the published results and found in excellent agreements. The findings of the analysis are also displayed and discussed in depth graphically and numerically. It is discovered that two solutions occur in definite ranges of suction and magnetic parameters. Dual (no) similarity solutions can be found in the range of Sc≤S and Mc≤M (Sc>S and Mc>M). By performing stability analysis, the smallest values of eigenvalue are obtained, suggesting that a stable solution is the first one. Furthermore, the graph of the smallest eigenvalue shows symmetrical behavior. By enhancing the Eckert number values the temperature of the fluid is raised.
Highlights
The concept of nanofluid was first proposed in 1995, by Choi and Eastman [1]
Carbon nanotubes and the well-known graphite are categorized as the no-metallic nanoparticles, while nitrides, metal oxides, copper, carbides, and, alumina are the metallic nanoparticles
Tassaddiq et al [4] investigated the sodium alginate nanofluid through a numerical approach where they used the model of Brinkman
Summary
The concept of nanofluid was first proposed in 1995, by Choi and Eastman [1]. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1513 as compared to any kind of simple viscous fluids. It is made by mixing solid nanoparticles in the base fluids [2]. Various kinds of base fluids with different kinds of solid nanoparticles have been mixed and examined in the literature. Ghazvini et al [3] used an experimental approach to examine the water-based nanofluid which contained the CuFe2 O4 nanoparticles. Tassaddiq et al [4] investigated the sodium alginate nanofluid through a numerical approach where they used the model of Brinkman. Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) carbon nanotubes in the water base fluid were considered by Nadeem et al [5]
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