Magnetic resonance imaging findings of intracranial tuberculoma patients in a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia: A retrospective study

Abstract

IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a fatal disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) with over eight million annual mortality reported worldwide attributed to the disease's direct or indirect effects. Among the most severe form of M. TB is an infection of the Central nervous system (CNS-TB). This infection is characterized by meningitis, tuberculoma, and tuberculous brain abscess. Tuberculomas are the most common variety of intracranial parenchymal tuberculosis. They occur because of conglomeration and conjugation of tubercular microgranulomas, which tend to occur at the grey-white matter junction due to the arrest of the hematogenous disseminating microbes caused by a decrease in the caliber of vessels in that region. Intracranial tuberculoma shows central hypointensity compared to grey matter, seeing this centrally on T2W images is helpful, as it is not seen in most other ring-enhancing lesions. ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the findings of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of patients with intracranial tuberculoma using retrospective hospital records. MethodologyWe conducted a retrospective data analysis of 73 patients with an age range of 3–70 years between 2018 and 2021 who were diagnosed with intracranial tuberculoma using MRI features at the Radiology Department, Somali-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Hospital. All the patients' MRI were evaluated, including conventional and contrast sequences and as well as MR diffusion. ResultsThis study revealed that most tuberculoma patients were female with 43 (58.9%) and 30 (41.1%) male. According to age group, the majority of patients 30 (41.1%) were 18–30 years of age. Based on the distribution of the conglomerates’ tubercles, 39 (53.4%) were located in the supratentorial region, while 24 (32.9%) were found in both the supra-tentorial and infra-tentorial regions, with 10 (13.7%) residing in the infratentorial region. Interestingly, this study also discovered that the majority of the tuberculoma patients 43 (58.9%) had multifocal lesions, with 30 (41.1%) having single lesions. Also, associated abnormalities were detected in 28 (38.4%) of the patients with meningitis, while 7 (9.6%) had both hydrocephalus and meningitis, 2 (2.7%) had hydrocephalus, and one patient had cerebral infarction. ConclusionThe outcome of this investigation shows MRI as a suitable diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma and associated abnormalities in geographic areas where tuberculosis is endemic.