Abstract
The surface magnetic order (SMO) of ferromagnetic metals is determined with electron-capture spectroscopy (ECS), a novel method which is sensitive to the SMO existing at the topmost atomic layer of a surface. With ECS it is found that the SMO for 3d-transition metals depends drastically on surface orientation; no magnetic dead surface layers are detected. At Ni ( hkl) surfaces “local” SMO exists even at 2 T Cb. For Gd surfaces the SMO is quite different from bulk behaviour. Long-range SMO exists for Gd beyond the bulk Curie temperature T Cb. At the (100) c(2 × 2) surface of bulk antiferromagnetic Cr long-range SMO is found below the bulk Néel temperature T Nb.
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