Abstract
The magnetic flux in superconductors is quantized in units of hc/2| e| rather than hc/| e| observed in the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Such a result is widely recognized as an obvious evidence of electron pairing. It has been believed that electron pairs (Cooper's pairs) with charge 2 e constitute the charge carriers in superconductors. In this article the authors have shown in terms of the geometric phase — Berry's phase — that the factor of 2 in 2 e in superconductors is an outcome of both the London equation and gauge invariance. It is indicated that the same conclusion is also true for the Josephson effect. Thus, the factor of 2 in 2 e has nothing to do with electron (Cooper's) pairing.
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