Abstract
In terms of the geometric phase — Berry's phase, the authors have shown that the factor 2e appearing in the magnetic flux quantization in a bored cylindrical superconductor is a natural consequence of both London equation and gauge invariance. The same conclusion is also true for the Josephson effect. Thus, the factor 2e has nothing to do with electron (Cooper's) pairing. Moreover, the BCS Hamiltonian can be easily derived from the general formalism of the Hamiltonian of fermions in second quantization without invoking the concept of Cooper's pairing. It has been shown that in terms of a reinterpretation of the interaction potential in the BCS Hamiltonian, results from the BCS theory remain valid for conventional superconductors.
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