Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) based biodegradable materials are a new generation orthopedic implant materials that are intended to possess same mechanical properties as that of bone. Mg alloys are considered as promising substitutes to permanent implants due to their biodegradability in the physiological environment. However, rapid corrosion rate is one of the major constraints of using Mg alloys in clinical applications in spite of their excellent biocompatibility. Approaches to overcome the limitations include the selection of adequate alloying elements, proper surface treatment, surface modification with coating to control the degradation rate. This review focuses on current advances on surface engineering of Mg based biomaterials for biomedical applications. The review begins with a description of corrosion mechanism of Mg alloy, the requirement for appropriate surface functionalization/coatings, their structure-property-performance relationship, and suitability for biomedical applications. The control of physico-chemical properties such as wettability, surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface functional groups of the coating tailored by various approaches forms the pivotal part of the review. Chemical surface treatment offers initial protection from corrosion and inorganic coating like hydroxyapatite (HA) improves the biocompatibility of the substrate. Considering the demand of ideal implant materials, multilayer hybrid coatings on Mg alloy in combination with chemical pretreatment or inorganic HA coating, and protein-based polymer coating could be a promising technique to improve corrosion resistance and promote biocompatibility of Mg-based alloys.
Highlights
Magnesium (Mg) based alloys are considered as a third generation biomaterials for tissue engineering as they can act as temporary structure for tissue regeneration and eventually degrade completely in biological medium (Heublein et al, 2003; Shi et al, 2015)
A functional hybrid coating was fabricated on biodegradable AZ31 and ZE41 Mg alloys which consists of inner layer of the Mg implants made of silaneTiO2 to reduce degradation rate and the topmost layer made of biopolymer composed of chitosan and collagen to improve biocompatibility and bioactivity of implant materials (Córdoba et al, 2018)
The great advantages of Mg-based alloys such as biocompatibility and biodegradability, but their fast corrosion and rapid degradation leading to the formation of H2 gas are the great constraints for using them in biomedical applications
Summary
Magnesium (Mg) based alloys are considered as a third generation biomaterials (bioactive, biodegradable, and bio-tolerant) for tissue engineering as they can act as temporary structure for tissue regeneration and eventually degrade completely in biological medium (Heublein et al, 2003; Shi et al, 2015). The anodized layer can give extra protection against corrosion while HA based bioactive coating can be fabricated on the surface of the substrate, enhancing osteoconductive properties of Mg alloys.
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