Maclura tinctoria Extracts: In Vitro Antibacterial Activity against Aeromonas hydrophila and Sedative Effect in Rhamdia quelen

Luana Da Costa Pires,Amanda Gindri,Bibiana Petri Da Silveira,Patricia Rodrigues,Guerino Bandeira Junior,Rodrigo Coldebella,Berta Maria Heinzmann,Lenise De Lima Silva,Cristiane Pedrazzi,Bernardo Baldisserotto,Agueda Palmira Castagna De Vargas,Luisa Barichello Barbosa,Quelen Iane Garlet

doi:10.3390/fishes6030025

Luana Da Costa Pires, Amanda Gindri + Show 11 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6030025

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Abstract

Maclura tinctoria is a tree species native from Brazil and rich in phenolic compounds. Since plant antibacterial activity is highly associated with phenolic compound concentration, we aim to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different extracts against fish pathogenic bacteria. In addition, some phenolic compounds have central depressant effects and can be useful in aquaculture due to possible sedative and/or anesthetic effects. Four M. tinctoria extracts were extracted separately with ethanol; leaves (LE), bark (BE), heartwood (HE), and the sapwood (SE). In vitro antimicrobial activity was tested against Aeromonas strains at concentrations of 6400 to 3.125 μg/mL. The sedative effect was evaluated for 24 h with 30 and 100 mg/L concentrations. Chemical composition was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MS. The HE extract had the best MIC (400 µg/mL) and MBC (800 µg/mL) compared to the LE, BE, and SE extracts. LE extract induced deep sedation and the BE, SE, and HE extracts induced light sedation. Additionally, BE, SE, and HE induced a normal behavior without side effects. Polyphenolic compounds with antimicrobial activity and sedative effects were identified mainly in HE. Thus, HE extract is safe and can be used as a sedative for silver catfish.

Highlights

Brazil is the 14th largest producer of aquatic animals, with more than 84% of its production coming from continental aquaculture [1]
This fish is commonly infected by bacteria of the genus Aeromonas, which is responsible for large economic losses in fish farming [3] and is reported in several parts of the world and is considered the prevalent bacterial disease in freshwater fishes [4]
The current study found superior yields than those from Lamounier et al [29] for the ethanolic extracts of bark (2%) and wood (4%) of M. tinctoria, even with the separation of wood in SE and HE, a result that characterizes the efficiency of the extractive process and the strategy chosen in the present study

Summary

Introduction

Brazil is the 14th largest producer of aquatic animals, with more than 84% of its production coming from continental aquaculture [1]. Rhamdia quelen, is an endemic species from South America and the main native species raised in southern Brazil [2]. This fish is commonly infected by bacteria of the genus Aeromonas, which is responsible for large economic losses in fish farming [3] and is reported in several parts of the world and is considered the prevalent bacterial disease in freshwater fishes [4]. One of the factors that favor the occurrence of bacterial infections is the weakening of the immune system, which often results from stress in aquaculture [5]. Other factors include extracellular active products such as aerolysin, lipase, hemolysin and protease; cellular structures such as flagella, which contribute to the formation of biofilm; and the cell signaling quorum sensing [8,9]

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