Abstract
Nine bacteriophages (phages) infective for members of the genus Gordonia were isolated from wastewater and other natural water environments using standard enrichment techniques. The majority were broad host range phages targeting more than one Gordonia species. When their genomes were sequenced, they all emerged as double stranded DNA Siphoviridae phages, ranging from 17,562 to 103,424 bp in size, and containing between 27 and 127 genes, many of which were detailed for the first time. Many of these phage genomes diverged from the expected modular genome architecture of other characterized Siphoviridae phages and contained unusual lysis gene arrangements. Whole genome sequencing also revealed that infection with lytic phages does not appear to prevent spontaneous prophage induction in Gordonia malaquae lysogen strain BEN700. TEM sample preparation techniques were developed to view both attachment and replication stages of phage infection.
Highlights
Many isolates of members of the actinobacterial genus Gordonia have been cultured from wastewater treatment plants [1] where they probably play a key role in degrading the more recalcitrant influent substrates [2, 3]
All Gordonia phages isolated previously were obtained from wastewater, with most coming from activated sludge plants on the east coast of Australia [10,11,12,13]
Nine phages infective for members of the genus Gordonia were isolated from wastewater and natural water environments, several of which had broad host ranges
Summary
Many isolates of members of the actinobacterial genus Gordonia have been cultured from wastewater treatment plants [1] where they probably play a key role in degrading the more recalcitrant influent substrates [2, 3]. They include Gordonia amarae, an organism with a characteristic right-angled branching morphology, and among the first foam forming bacteria isolated and cultured [1, 4, 5]. Other Gordonia species and members of closely related genera share this distinctive morphology, and so in the absence of more precise identification, those with it are commonly referred to as Gordonia amarae-like organisms, or GALO [1].
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