Abstract
Summary Experiments by the authors and others show that the surface tension of pure liquids has reached its steady value in less than 0·005 sec. Hence it is concluded that the newly introduced surface phase attains equilibrium very quickly (in less than 0·005 sec. and quite probably in 10-9 sec). In the case of solutions, the surface layer ultimately contains an excess (or deficit) of solute. S. R. Milner suggested that there is delay in attaining equilibrium, due to the time required for solute to diffuse into (or out from) the surface layer. In this paper the consequences of Milner’s hypothesis are developed mathematically and the results are tested experimentally. The surface tensions of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, soap, thymol, p-toluidine and of butyl, amyl, n-hexyl, and n-heptyl alcohols are measured by the moving liquid-sheet method, that of soap solution being also measured by Rayleigh’s oscillating-jet method. According to theory and experiments, the surface tension...
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