Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Female Nurses: Evidence from the Nurse Urinary Related Health Study of China

Abstract

Aims. To estimate the prevalence and bother of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and the work-related and individual factors associated with LUTS among a representative sample of female nurses. Background. A healthy nursing workforce is essential to advance global health goals, especially during times of extraordinary demand for nursing care. LUTS frequently occur and persist in women and are correlated with multiple negative health outcomes and diminished work engagement and productivity. However, the study of LUTS among female nurses failed to receive sufficient attention from researchers. Methods. We used baseline data for 13,191 female nurses in China collected for the prospective cohort study, the Nurse Urinary Related Health Study (NURS). We assessed nurses’ self-reported LUTS and symptom-related bother using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Female LUTS. We used descriptive statistics to summarize LUTS prevalence and its related bother and a mixed-effects logistic regression model to test the effects of work-related and individual factors on LUTS. Results. Most of the participants in this study were younger than 40 years old (82.9%), were married (74.8%), and had given birth once or never (73.7%). Few participants had chronic diseases (3.4%), consumed alcohol (7.3%), smoked (0.4%), or had overweight/obesity (27.7%). The prevalence of any LUTS was 51.1%, and over 50% of the nurses with LUTS in this study had experienced moderate or severe bother, except for urinary frequency. Working longer than five years, more than 40 hours per week, and in Level A, major tertiary hospitals were found to be risk factors of LUTS, and a nurse-to-bed ratio higher than 0.40 was found to be a protective factor. Increased fluid intake also was found to be a protective factor of LUTS in nurses, and having chronic constipation was found to be a risk factor. Conclusions. LUTS are highly prevalent and severely bothersome among female nurses in China, despite the fact that the female nurses in this study were relatively young, healthy, had few childbirths, and were living healthy lifestyles. This finding warrants remedial action that is related to both behavioral and environmental factors to ensure a healthy nursing workforce. Nurses cannot reasonably be expected to contribute to global health when one of their basic needs as humans, i.e., the normal function of urinary elimination, is ignored. Implications for Nursing Management. Nurse managers should be aware that nurses’ basic needs regarding urination are negatively affected by LUTS and related bother. Nurse managers should address LUTS-related problems on multiple levels, including overseeing and reporting LUTS in nurses, exploring innovative care models to mitigate the negative effects of excessive workloads on nurses, and remodeling the nursing culture and encouraging positive coping behaviors for the self-health of nurses.