Abstract
Volleyball games worldwide have developed into aggressive volleyball games involving various types of attacking techniques. Among the various attacking techniques, the moving spike is most likely to cause body imbalance. When volleyball players perform a moving spike, to acquire more time and space when hitting the ball, they typically change their attack angle, timing, and position continually. Previous studies on run-up and landing have typically focused on vertical or forward landing. However, in actual sports scenarios, the directions of an attack landing may vary according to situations. To clarify the various sports injuries of volleyball players may sustain from landing after performing a moving spike, 10 male open level volleyball players were recruited from universities to perform 72-cm moving spike landing maneuvers. In the experiment, 11 digital motion cameras were used for 3D image capture, reflective markers were applied to track the locations of the body joints, and two AMTI 3D force plates were used to collect ground reaction force generated by the landing. The results revealed that the participant with the highest risk of sustaining a cruciate ligament tear was 172-cm tall and weighed 63 kg. The negative tibial shear force and horizontal reaction force generated from performing a moving spike were deduced to cause collateral ligament injuries to the participants who had played volleyball for 9–10 yrs. Therefore, we deduced that when volleyball players continually perform moving spike landing maneuvers without appropriate cushioning maneuvers and gear protection during training or competition, their collateral ligaments may develop chronic tendinitis.
Highlights
Contact sports and noncontact sports involve similar levels of danger
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify the various effects of body height, weight, and playing experience on the kinematic and dynamic parameters, and least significant differences tests were used for a post hoc comparison of these parameters
The results indicated that the larger the shear force exerted on the tibia proximal to the knee joints is, the greater the ground reaction force and loading rates during landing increase the loading on the lower extremities and increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury [18]
Summary
Contact sports (e.g., soccer, judo, basketball) and noncontact sports (e.g., volleyball, badminton) involve similar levels of danger. When a sport is played on a surface with a low shock-absorbing ability, the flexion angles of the lower extremity joints and the angle of displacement in the knee and hip joints must be increased to effectively reduce the ground reaction force after jump-landing [2] [3]. Reports have indicated that one-foot landing after performing a spike exposes the lower extremities to ground reaction forces and body weight, thereby increasing the risk of injury to the knee joints [4]. In [10], the biomechanics of one-foot drop landing at two heights (30 and 60 cm) were investigated, revealing that the landing impact on the human body, shear force exerted on the lower extremity joints, as well as the axial force and Achilles tendon force increased following the increase in drop landing height These results indicate that the type of landing method can affect sports performance and injury risk. The present study provides cushioning strategies for landing and a reference for coaches and players during competition and training and for protective equipment designers
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