Abstract
Abstract Low-water stream crossings provide an alternative to conventional drainage structures of culverts and bridges. Creative design and sound analysis of crossing options is necessary to minimize channel disturbance. Costs vary greatly depending on the structure type, stream characteristics, and availability of labor and materials. Simple fords consisting of crushed stone or gravel, rock-filled gabions, or concrete structures can provide economical, low-maintenance stream crossings. Fords vented with pipe or concrete box culverts, though more costly, allow placement on perennial streams. All low-water crossings require careful planning to mesh environmental impact, site characteristics, operations requirements, and cost considerations. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):11-15.
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