Analysis of Box Culvert with Different Aspect Ratio

Abstract

Box culverts are the default buried structure type, where pipe solutions are not suitable. Their larger openings are often required to provide adequate hydraulic capacity. Box culverts are also frequently used for pedestrian or cattle underpasses. The reinforcement used in concrete box culverts can be either conventional bar reinforcement or welded wire fabric. Welded wire fabric has yield strength slightly larger than conventional bar reinforcement. Standard designs for precast concrete box culverts are available with spans varying from 6 to 16 feet and rises varying from 4 to 14 feet. Standard precast concrete box culverts are characteristically invented in 6 foot sections; however larger boxes are fabricated in 4 foot sections to reduce section weight. The designs utilize concrete strengths are suitable for fill heights ranging from less than 2 feet to a maximum of 25 feet. Box culverts outside of the standard size ranges must be custom designed. Each culvert size has three or four classes. Each class has specified wall and slab thicknesses, reinforcement areas, concrete strength, and fill height range to which it applies. To prevent corrosion at the ends of welded wire fabric, nylon boots are required on the ends of every fourth longitudinal wire at the bottom of the form. A maximum of two layers of welded wire fabric can be used for primary reinforcement. If two layers are used, the layers may not be nested. The first box culverts built in Minnesota were made of cast-in-place concrete. The activity of these structures over the years has been very good. Currently, most box culvert installations are precast due to the reduced time required for plan production and construction. Cast-in-place culverts continue to be an allowable option. Buried structures serve a variety of purposes. They are typically used for conveying water. At other times, they are used to provide a grade separated crossing for pedestrian and bicycle traffic. A variety of structure and material types are used. The most prevalent types are pipes and box culverts. Buried structures with horizontal dimensions less than 10'–0 are not classified as bridges. Typically, these smaller buried structures do not need widespread design and are selected from standard design tables. Buried structures with horizontal dimensions greater than or equal to 10'–0 are considered bridges and require a plan prepared by the Bridge Office. All box culverts need a Bridge Office equipped plan as well. In addition to pipes and box culverts, precast concrete arches, precast three-sided structures, and long-span corrugated steel structures are used as buried structures. Buried structures carry vertical loads through a mixture of internal capacity and soil arching around the structure; this is termed soil-structure interaction. The means by which a buried structure carries vertical load varies significantly between different structure types due to their relative stiffness. Concrete box culverts and rigid pipes are categorized as rigid culverts and are supposed to carry the design loads internally with limited requirements or benefit of the soil. Flexible pipe structures (corrugated steel, thermoplastic, etc.) carry loads through soil-structure interaction. For this reason, material and installation requirements of the pipe and soil are well defined including trench or embankment conditions and backfilling and compaction procedures to ensure that the assumed soil-structure capacity is provided and that settlements are not excessive.