Low electrical conductivity threshold and crystalline morphology of single-walled carbon nanotubes – high density polyethylene nanocomposites characterized by SEM, Raman spectroscopy and AFM

Abstract

The electrical conductivities ( σ) of nanocomposites of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) have been studied for a large number of nanocomposites prepared in a SWCNT concentration range between 0.02 and 8 wt%. The values of σ obey a percolation power law with an SWCNT concentration threshold, p c = 0.13 wt%, the lowest yet obtained for any kind of carbon–polyethylene nanocomposites. Improved electrical conductivities attest to an effective dispersion of SWCNT in the polyethylene matrix, enabled by the fast quenching crystallization process used in the preparation of these nanocomposites. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy consistently points to a uniform dispersion of separate small SWCNT bundles at concentrations near p c and increased nanotube clustering at higher concentrations. Near p c, high activation energies and geometries of long isolated rods suggest that electron transport occurs by activated electron hopping between nanotubes that are close to each other but still geometrically separate. The degree of SWCNT clustering given by Raman spectroscopy and the barrier energy for electrical conductivity are highly correlated. The nanotubes act as nucleants in the crystallization of the polyethylene matrix, and change the type of supermolecular aggregates from spherulites to axialitic-like objects. The size of crystal aggregates decreases with SWCNT loading, however, in reference to the unfilled polyethylene, the three-dimensional growth geometry extracted from the Avrami exponents remains unchanged up to 2 wt%. Consistency between SEM, Raman and electrical transport behavior suggests that the electrical conductivity is dominated by dispersion and the geometry of the SWCNT in the nanocomposites and not by changes or lack thereof in the HDPE semicrystalline structure.