Abstract
The biosphere theory is crucial for all environmental sciences including scientific ecology. In Russia, the theory was from the very beginning a powerful factor affecting global and other holistic approaches in the life sciences. The theory was invented by Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945), who is regarded as one of the most famous Russian naturalists. In the history of Russian science he is referred to as a “savant” and influential thinker in rather different fields such as biogeochemistry, radiogeology, or crystallography, and also philosophy of science. In recent times Vernadsky is becoming appreciated also in the Western world. James Lovelock, author of the Gaia-theory, wrote: “We discovered him to be our most illustrious predecessor” (Lovelock 1986).
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