Long-term enclosure at heavy grazing grassland affects soil nitrification via ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in Inner Mongolia

Abstract

Enclosure and grazing can significantly change the turnover of nitrogen in grassland soil. Changes of soil nitrogen mineralization and ammonium-oxidizing microorganisms caused by enclosure in different grazing intensities (about 30 years of grazing history) grassland, however, has rarely been reported. We selected the grassland sites with high and medium grazing intensity (HG and MG, 4 and 2 sheep ha−1, respectively) and had them enclosed (45 × 55 m) in 2005 while outside the enclosure was continuously grazed year-round. A two factorial study was designed: grazing intensity (MG and HG sites) and enclosure (fence and non-fence). Nitrogen mineralization was detected through a laboratory incubation experiment. The abundance and community structure of soil ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were analyzed using quantitative PCR (q-PCR), terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), cloning, and sequencing. Results showed that compared with MG site, at HG site the AOB abundance and community structure of AOB changed significantly while the AOA abundance and community structure did not change obviously. Enclosure significantly decreased the cumulative mineralized N, N mineralization rate, the abundance of AOB and the AOB community structure at the HG site, while at MG site, enclosure did not change these parameters. Potential nitrification rate (PNR) was positively correlated with the abundance of AOA and AOB at the MG and HG sites, respectively. The abundance of AOA was significantly correlated with soil pH; however, AOB abundance was significantly correlated with soil available N, total N, C/N ratio, pH, etc. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Nitrososphaeraceae and Nitrosomonadaceae were the dominant AOA and AOB, respectively. Totally, the responses of AOB and AOA mainly were associated to changes in soil physicochemical properties caused by different intensity grazing; AOB and AOA may be the dominant functional players in ammonia oxidation processes at HG and MG site, respectively.