Abstract
Bacteria, as the key component of soil ecosystems, participate in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition. However, how fertilization regime affects the rhizospheric bacterial community of reddish paddy soil remains unclear. Here, a long-term fertilization experiment initiated in 1982 was employed to explore the impacts of different fertilization regimes on physicochemical properties and bacterial communities of reddish paddy rhizospheric soil in Central South China by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that long-term fertilization improved the soil nutrient status and shaped the distinct rhizospheric bacterial communities. Particularly, chemical NPK fertilizers application significantly declined the richness of the bacterial community by 7.32%, whereas the application of manure alone or combined with chemical NPK fertilizers significantly increased the biodiversity of the bacterial community by 1.45%, 1.87% compared with no fertilization, respectively. Moreover, LEfSe indicated that application of chemical NPK fertilizers significantly enhanced the abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Nitrospiraceae, while manure significantly increased the abundances of Deltaproteobacteria and Myxococcales, but the most abundant Actinobacteria and Planctomycetes were detected in the treatment that combined application of manure and chemical NPK fertilizers. Furthermore, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and the Mantel test clarified that exchangeable Mg2+ (E-Mg2+), soil organic carbon (SOC) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) are the key driving factors for shaping bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. Our results suggested that long-term balanced using of manure and chemical fertilizers not only increased organic material pools and nutrient availability but also enhanced the biodiversity of the rhizospheric bacterial community and the abundance of Actinobacteria, which contribute to the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems.
Highlights
Fertilization has been extensively used as a common management practice to maintain soil fertility and crop productivity[1]
The objectives were (i) to identify the effects of different fertilization regimes on the rhizospheric bacterial diversity and richness of reddish paddy soil; (ii) to explore the relative abundances of dominant bacterial phyla under different fertilization regimes; (iii) to screen specific biomarkers of different fertilization regimes under different bacterial taxonomic levels; and (iv) to clarify the key driving factors for shaping bacterial communities in the reddish paddy soil of Central South China
Long-term fertilization showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased soil organic carbon (SOC)(16.42∼79.93%), alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN)(29.91∼87.13%), Available P (AP)(83.53 ∼335.43%), Available K (AK)(9.04∼80.88%), E-Ca2+ (12.96∼19.93%) and E-Mg2+ (5.62∼15.73%) compared with no fertilization, and in particular, significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of SOC, AN, AP, and AK were observed in NPKM treatment than in NPK or M treatment; The opposite trend was observed for E-Mg2+
Summary
Fertilization has been extensively used as a common management practice to maintain soil fertility and crop productivity[1]. Understanding the responsive shifts of bacterial community structure and composition to different fertilization regimes is vital for developing better fertilization practices and for further improving soil fertility and function[2]. Exploring the rhizospheric microbial community is vital for understanding the interactions among soil, microbes and the host plants under long-term fertilization, which can help identify better fertilizer regimes and plant breeding methods for heavily fertilized cropland[23]. A long-term field experiment with four different fertilization regimes in a rice-rice cropping rotation system, established in the Red Soil Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 1982, was conducted to investigate the influences of fertilization regime on the rhizospheric bacterial community structure and composition in the Quaternary reddish paddy soil of Central South China. The objectives were (i) to identify the effects of different fertilization regimes on the rhizospheric bacterial diversity and richness of reddish paddy soil; (ii) to explore the relative abundances of dominant bacterial phyla under different fertilization regimes; (iii) to screen specific biomarkers of different fertilization regimes under different bacterial taxonomic levels; and (iv) to clarify the key driving factors for shaping bacterial communities in the reddish paddy soil of Central South China
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