Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis.

Hei Wan Mak,Daisy Fancourt

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112971

Abstract

RationaleReading for pleasure has been shown to have benefits for academic attainment and the development of empathy. Yet, whether reading for pleasure is linked with other aspects of children's development remains unclear. Objective. This study examines the association between reading for pleasure and children's psychological and behavioural adjustment at the onset of adolescence. Method. We analysed data from 8936 participants in the Millennium Cohort Study, Sweeps 4 (age 7) and 5 (age 11), and used propensity score matching methods to match children who read frequently with children with similar individual, social, familial, and behavioural characteristics who read less often. Results. Daily reading for pleasure at age 7 was associated with lower levels of hyperactivity/inattention and better prosocial behaviour at age 11. These results for hyperactivity/inattention were replicated when analysing data specifically from children with a history of hyperactivity/inattention at age 7. Results also show that daily reading for pleasure was associated with lower levels of emotional problems. Results were robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. Conclusions. Daily reading for pleasure in childhood is independently associated with better behavioural adjustment at the onset of adolescence. Future studies could explore the potential benefit of interventions to encourage reading.

Highlights

This study examines the relationship between reading for pleasure and children's positive and negative psychological and behavioural adjustment
This topic is of importance, given that adjustment problems in childhood tend to persist into adulthood (Case et al, 2005; Currie and Stabile, 2002; Egan et al, 2015; Hofstra et al, 2001) and are linked with social and financial challenges, including youth unemployment (Egan et al, 2015), crime (OECD, 1997), and mental health problems (Williams, 2013)
The clearest finding was that reading for pleasure most days at age 7 was significantly related to lower hyperactivity/inattention at age 11 (ATT = −0.05, 95% CI = −0.09, −0.02, p < 0.001) (Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

This study examines the relationship between reading for pleasure and children's positive and negative psychological and behavioural adjustment. This topic is of importance, given that adjustment problems in childhood tend to persist into adulthood (Case et al, 2005; Currie and Stabile, 2002; Egan et al, 2015; Hofstra et al, 2001) and are linked with social and financial challenges, including youth unemployment (Egan et al, 2015), crime (OECD, 1997), and mental health problems (Williams, 2013). It has been suggested that reading may help establish identity and may encourage behaviours that support this identity (Pelowski and Akiba, 2011). Supporting this theory, reading is associated with greater self-confidence as well as more empathetic understanding of other cultures and higher community participation (Clark and Rumbold, 2006)

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Discussion

Conclusion