Abstract
BackgroundMercury vapor poses a known health risk with no clearly established safe level of exposure. Consequently there is debate over whether the level of prolonged exposure to mercury vapor from dental amalgam fillings, combining approximately 50% mercury with other metals, is sufficiently high to represent a risk to health. The objective of our study is to determine if mercury exposure from amalgam fillings is associated with risk of adverse health effects.MethodsIn a large longitudinal non-blind sample of participants from a preventative health program in Calgary, Canada we compared number of amalgam fillings, urine mercury measures and changes in 14 self-reported health symptoms, proposed to be mercury dependent sub-clinical measures of mental and physical health. The likelihood of change over one year in a sample of persons who had their fillings removed was compared to a sample of persons who had not had their fillings removed. We use non-parametric statistical tests to determine if differences in urine mercury were statistically significant between sample groups. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of observing symptom improvement or worsening in the sample groups.ResultsAt baseline, individuals with dental amalgam fillings have double the measured urine mercury compared to a control group of persons who have never had amalgam fillings. Removal of amalgam fillings decreases measured urine mercury to levels in persons without amalgam fillings. Although urine mercury levels in our sample are considered by Health Canada to be too low to pose health risks, removal of amalgam fillings reduced the likelihood of self-reported symptom deterioration and increased the likelihood of symptom improvement in comparison to people who retained their amalgam fillings.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that mercury exposure from amalgam fillings adversely impact health and therefore are a health risk. The use of safer alternative materials for dental fillings should be encouraged to avoid the increased risk of health deterioration associated with unnecessary exposure to mercury.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-95) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Highlights
Mercury vapor poses a known health risk with no clearly established safe level of exposure
Dental amalgam fillings are a major source of mercury exposure in the general population, with several studies showing a correlation between the number of amalgam surfaces and brain, blood and urine concentrations of mercury [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
Boxplots demonstrate the distribution of urine mercury for the study groups with a clear right skew (Figure 1) which has been deemed important for studying mercury exposure from dental amalgam [40]
Summary
Mercury vapor poses a known health risk with no clearly established safe level of exposure. There is debate over whether the level of prolonged exposure to mercury vapor from dental amalgam fillings, combining approximately 50% mercury with other metals, is sufficiently high to represent a risk to health. Due to the potential health risks associated with exposure to mercury, the use of dental amalgam fillings remains a source of controversy. Mercury vapor is absorbed by the body and oxidized to ionic mercury (mercuric form Hg++), which can covalently bind with cell proteins [19]. This means almost any protein can be damaged if sufficient levels of mercury are present. The effects of mercury on neural tissue are diverse at these levels of exposure and can include mood changes, memory and concentration problems, headache, fatigue, reduction in hand steadiness, and manual dexterity [17,23,24,25,26,27,28]
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