Long-term exposure to hypobaric hypoxia in rat affects femur cross-sectional geometry and bone tissue material properties

Abstract

Hypoxia leads to an increase in erythropoiesis, which induces hypertrophy of the erythropoietic marrow and may induce bone resorption. This study investigates the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia (simulated high altitude, SHA) on the biomechanics of rat femurs by mechanical tests of diaphyseal stiffness and strength and calculation of some indicators of bone material properties. Adult female rats were exposed to SHA (5500 m, 23.5h/d for 60 d =HX rats; NX=normoxic). This treatment induced reticulocytosis and polycythemia. Bone mineral content did not differ between NX and HX rats at the end of the study. To determine cortical bone mechanical properties, the right femur was assessed using a 3-point bending test. Endosteum and periosteum moved away from the central axis in HX rats as deduced by an increase in the cross-sectional moment of inertia. The two indicators of bone material properties, the elastic modulus and stress at the yielding point, were significantly reduced. However, the strength of the femur as an intact organ ("load capacity" parameters) was not compromised by exposure to SHA. It is thus proposed that the negative effect of SHA on bone material quality was completely offset by an improvement in diaphyseal cross-sectional design, thus allowing a normal biomechanical response to bending of the femur as a whole.