Long-term changes in qualitative composition of the Buzuluk Pine Forest avifauna (Orenburg Province area) based on retrospective and present-time observations

No systematic research has been reported on the correlation between different ecological factors and the effective component content, flower, and leaf traits of Epimedium pubescens. In this study, 21 kinds of E. pubescens in different regions were investigated, and the content of two effective components of icariin(I) and Epimedin C(C), as well as six leaf traits and 12 flower traits were determined. The correlation between 11 ecological factors and the above traits in different regions for five consecutive years was explored. The results showed that no significant correlation was observed between the ecological factors and the total content of two effective components(I+C) of E. pubescens. Latitude and temperature(including annual average temperature, annual average minimum temperature, and soil temperature of each soil layer) were significantly positively and negatively correlated with the ratio of the content of the two effective components(C/I)(P<0.01), respectively. There was a significant correlation between ecological factors and flower traits, and the annual average soil temperature of each soil layer, annual average temperature, and annual average minimum temperature were significantly correlated with most flower traits in multiple years(P<0.01). However, a weak correlation between ecological factors and leaf traits was detected. A significant positive correlation of the annual average soil temperature of each soil layer and annual average humidity(P<0.01) with the width of nutrient leaf in only a few years was detected. Therefore, it was concluded that the total content of effective components of E. pubescens was determined by genetics, with a slight influence of ecological factors. The annual average temperature, annual average minimum temperature, and soil temperature of each soil layer were the ecological factors that had the most significant impact on flower traits, which showed significant differences in different regions, and similar results were not found in leaf traits. Overall, this study systematically conducted a correlation analysis between ecological factors and the effective components, as well as flower and leaf traits, providing guidance for the quality improvement, introduction, and domestication of E. pubescens.

The dynamics of changes in the average annual air temperature in 24 regions of Ukraine in the period 2011 - 2020 is analyzed. The correlation between the yield of major crops and the average annual air temperature is studied. The regional features of this dependence are analyzed. The regions of the country are ranked according to the degree of correlation between the average annual temperature and crop yields.
 Agriculture is largely dependent on natural factors, the most important of which is the change in agro-climatic conditions due to modern climate change. The main manifestation of modern climate change is an increase in air temperature, and in Ukraine the temperature increase is much more intense than in most regions of the world. Given the significant contribution of the agricultural sector to the economy of Ukraine, the problem of the dependence of agricultural production on changes in the thermal regime is of particular relevance.
 The article discusses the impact of changes in the thermal regime on the territory of Ukraine on the productivity of major agricultural crops. The average annual air temperature is used as an indicator characterizing the thermal regime of the territory. The dynamics of the average annual temperature in twenty-four regions of Ukraine in the period from 2011 to 2020 is analyzed. In particular, the regions of the most intensive increase in temperature have been identified. The relationship between the average annual air temperature and the productivity of the main agricultural crops, which include potatoes, sunflowers, as well as cereals and legumes, vegetables, fruit and berries, has been studied. To identify the relationship between temperature and yield, the method of pair correlation was used. The calculations were carried out using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
 The study revealed significant differences in the degree of dependence of the yield of different crops on temperature conditions. It has been proven that the nature of the influence of thermal conditions on yield can vary significantly depending on the type of crop. In particular, the current increase in temperature favorably affects the efficiency of growing cereals and legumes and, at the same time, leads to a significant decrease in potato yield. It is shown that the dependence of the yield of different crops on air temperature is characterized by significant territorial disproportions. Wherein, the regions with the highest indicators of correlation dependence are located mainly in the west and northwest of Ukraine.
 The regions of Ukraine were ranked in accordance with the total degree of correlation between the average annual air temperature and the yield of selected agricultural crops. When ranking regions according to the degree of influence of the thermal factor, the arithmetic mean of the absolute values ​​(modules) of the correlation coefficients was used. According to the ranking results, the regions were grouped. It has been proved that when analyzing territorial disproportions, it is necessary to take into account the differences in the agricultural specialization of the regions, since the specialization of crop production causes significant differences in the sown areas of crops with different dependence on thermal factors.
 Based on the study, we can conclude that the current change in the thermal regime already has a significant impact on the process of transformation of agriculture, which, in particular, is manifested in a change in the agricultural specialization of the regions. For example, in regions specializing in the cultivation of vegetable crops, an increase in air temperature leads to a decrease in the efficiency of agricultural production. In turn, the decrease in the efficiency of agricultural production leads to a decrease in the volume of production. At the same time, the increase in the thermal resources of Polesye makes it possible to grow sunflower and other heat-loving crops in this zone.
 The novelty of the study is to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the influence of the thermal factor on the yield of various crops. At the same time, it should be noted that the main result of the study is obtaining a numerical characteristic of the degree of correlation dependence, which allows analyzing the degree of dependence of different crops on temperature conditions, as well as identifying and analyzing territorial disproportions in the distribution of this dependence.
 Key words: yield, average annual air temperature, specialization of agriculture.

Formulation of the problem. This is the second part of a trilogy dedicated to the analysis of climate indicators in central Ukraine over the entire period of instrumental observations, which analyzes air temperature data from the weather stations of Uman, Kropyvnytskyi, and Poltava. This work addresses issues related to the 13th Sustainable Development Goal, which is to combat climate change and strengthen resilience and adaptation to climate-related hazards and disasters in all countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze data from weather stations in central Ukraine that have the longest period of observation and to find patterns in the dynamics of temperature indicators over the past 140-200 years. Data and methods. To characterize the climate of central Ukraine, we analyzed the average monthly and average annual temperatures of Uman, Kropyvnytskyi, and Poltava, which have the longest continuous or almost continuous period of observation. Based on these data, we have constructed graphs of changes in the average annual and average monthly temperatures for the winter and spring seasons. To analyze the dynamics of temperature indicators, we constructed linear and 11-year moving trends. Results. At all weather stations, there is a trend towards an increase in both average annual air temperatures and temperatures for certain months. In particular, in Uman, the average annual temperature over the entire observation period (138 years) has increased from +6.80C to +8.60C, i.e. by 1.8 degrees. In Kropyvnytskyi, average annual temperatures over 149 years increased from +7.40C to +8.90C, i.e. by 1.5 degrees. In Poltava, the average annual temperature over 199 years has increased from +5.90C to +8.70C, i.e. by 2.8 degrees (since 1886 from +6.40C to +8.70C, i.e. by 2.3 degrees). At all weather stations, the most significant increase in average annual temperatures occurred between 1989 and 2023. Temperatures in the autumn months increased the least. Over the entire observation period, average monthly temperatures in September/October/November increased from 0.3/0.1/0.10C in Uman, 0.6/0.1/1.80C in Kropyvnytskyi to 1.5/1.2/1.90C (since 1886 – 0.9/0.9/1.70C) in Poltava. All three meteorological stations have common periods of temperature increases and decreases, in particular, a decrease in average monthly summer temperatures occurred from 1947-1969 to 1985-1995; from 1986-1996 to 2023, an increase in air temperature. Air temperatures in the summer months have increased quite significantly. Over the entire period of observation, the average monthly temperature in June/July/August increased from 0.9/0.3/0.70C in Kropyvnytskyi, 1.9/1.3/1.60C (since 1886 – 1.3/1.2/1.40C) in Poltava to 2.0/1.1/1.10C in Uman. The greatest increase in average monthly autumn temperatures occurred from 1999-2001 to 2023. Analyzing the graphs of 11-year moving averages, one can see the presence of periods of increase and decrease in average monthly temperatures lasting about 33 years or doubled periods lasting about 66 years. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the data of meteorological stations in central Ukraine for the entire period of observation (138 years – Uman, 149 years – Kropyvnytskyi, 199 years – Poltava) were analyzed and regularities in the dynamics of temperature indicators were determined. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the results of the study to predict future climate change.

Based on data of the average monthly temperature,average monthly maximum and minimum temperature from 1951 to 2008 recorded by the surface weather stations in the Hexi Corridor-Dunhuang,Guazhou,Zhangye,Wuwei and Wuqiaoling,this paper analyzes trends and abrupt changes of climate in the region by means of linear fitting,moving average and Mann-Kendall.The research results show that the average annual temperature,average maximum and minimum temperature in the Hexi Corridor present increasing trends,with the temperature increment-ratio 0.19 ℃/10 a,0.14 ℃/10 a and 0.27 ℃/10 a respectively,and the increment-ratio of average annual minimum temperature is obviously greater than that of other two.Average annual temperature in 1950s' was positive anomalies,while negative anomalies in 1960-1987 and positive anomalies after 1987.The minimum of average annual temperature appeared in 1960s',and at the same time the departure from normal value is-0.3 ℃.On the other hand the positive anomaly of average annual temperature from 2001 to 2008 was 1.1 ℃,thereby the warmest time since 1958.The lowest average annual maximum temperature appeared in 1960s',while the highest appeared after 1990s'.The variation of average annual minimum-temperature slightly differed to that of average annual temperature and that of average annual maximum-temperature: the coldest time appeared in 1960s' with a positive departure from the normal value;and the warmest time appeared in 2001-2008;the average minimum-temperature of the warmest times increased of 1.7 ℃ compared with that of the coldest times.A warmly abrupt change was detected in 1997 by using Mann-Kendall method,which is 4 years later than nationwide abrupt change appeared in 1993,and 10 years later than that in north-west region.The average temperature from 1997 to 2008 was of 1.1 ℃ greater than that from 1951 to 1996.The warmly abrupt change of average annual maximum-temperature appeared in 1996,and average annual maximum-temperature from 1996 to 2008 increased of 0.9 ℃ compared with that from 1951 to 1995.The abruptly warming change of average annual minimum-temperature occurred in 1994,3 years and 2 years,respectively,earlier than that of average annual temperature and average annual maximum-temperature.The annual temperature range shown a decrease trend of 0.13 ℃/10 a,while about 0.6 ℃decreased since 2001,due to comparatively large variation in average annual minimum-temperature.The measurement revealed that annual temperature range decreased in 2002.Seasonally,average temperature increased totally,but the increasing magnitudes were different.The average winter temperature shown a steadily increase trend of 0.345 ℃/10 a,and the warming abrupt change appeared in 1986,which is earlier than other seasons.The steadily increasing ratio of average summer temperature was the smallest,and the obviously warming abrupt change was not detected.From 1951 to 2008,average maximum-temperature in winter increased of 0.27 ℃/10 a,which is the largest increasing magnitude in four seasons,and the warming abrupt change occurred in 1985.The increasing ratio of average summer temperature was 0.13 ℃/10 a-the smallest increasing magnitude in four seasons,and the warming abrupt change occurred in 2004.This illustrates that the climate warming in the Hexi Corridor starts from winter.The daily variation range of spring tended to decrease,with a ratio of 0.18 ℃/10 a from 1951-2008,when the abruptly decreasing change occurred in 1980.The daily variation range of summer and autumn decreased by a comparatively small ratio,which was 0.09 ℃/10 a and 0.05 ℃/10 a respectively,the abruptly decreasing change of summer daily variation range appeared in 2004,while that of autumn kept steady.The decreasing trend of winter daily variation range was also obvious,with a decreasing ratio of 0.13 ℃/10 a from 1951 to 2008,and abruptly decreasing change occurred in 1999.The largest increasing ratio occurred in winter and spring minimum temperature,0.42 ℃/10 a and 0.30 ℃/10 a respectively,demonstrating that the decreasing in daily variation range is due to increasing in night temperature.

The purpose of the article is to analyze dynamics of the temperature regime of the surface layer of the atmosphere in the coastal zone of the North Atlantic as an indicator of changes in the thermohaline circulation system. In carrying out the research, comparative-geographical and historical statistical methods of the analysis of meteorological series were used. For research, 20 control points of the eastern part of the United States and Western Europe, which are located along the flow course of the Gulf Stream, are selected. In the selected points, by means of the linear trend method, the regularities of the dynamics of the mean annual, average maximum and average minimum temperatures of the atmospheric surface layer for the period from 1973 to 2013 have been established. The results of the study showed that, contrary to the hypothesis of fall in temperature in Europe, an increase in average annual and average maximum temperatures is observed in all control points of the region - the range means the linear trend is from 0.9 to 4.4 o F and from 0.3 to 3.8 o F respectively. In most US control points, the average annual temperature rises from 0.1 to 3 o F and the average maximum temperature rises from 0.2 to 2.1 oF. For four points of the United States the decrease in the values of the linear trend of average annual temperatures is from -0.4 to -1.2 o F; for three points - a decrease in average maximum temperatures is from -1.3 to -1.9 o F. At 9 control points in the USA and 8 control points in Europe, the average values of the minimum temperatures in the research period increased - in the USA, from 0.1 to 3.1 o F; in Europe from 0.3 to 4.6 o F. The opposite dynamics in the regions is observed for the values of the temperature amplitude. In most control points in Europe, the difference between the average maximum and the average minimum annual temperatures ranged from 0.4 to 6.6 o F; in most US destinations, on the contrary, a decrease in the amplitude value from -1.6 to -3 oF is observed. The analysis of the temperature dynamics of the surface layer of the atmosphere indicates the prevailing warming processes in the coastalzone of the North Atlantic, more intense for control points in Western Europe. The obtained data give grounds for refuting hypotheses of the presence of critical deviations in the thermohaline circulation system of the Atlantic Ocean, which could lead to a cooling in the Northern Hemisphere. The change in the amplitude values is a manifestation of increasing instability of the climate, which is likely to remain in the future with a general increase in the mean annual temperature in the region.

Rain‐fed crop yields are heavily influenced by seasonal rainfall patterns and temperature, particularly during vegetative and reproductive growth stages. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall distribution indices (monthly, seasonal, and annual) on rain‐fed wheat and barley yields using polynomial regression analysis across six different locations with varying elevations in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Additionally, the economic feasibility of rain‐fed wheat and barley in all locations was evaluated. Results showed that the monthly rainfall distribution index could not accurately predict wheat/barley yield, where elevation exceeds 2000 m and the average annual minimum temperature is below 4°C (such as in Koohrang, Borujen, Shahrekord, and Farsan). Conversely, the monthly rainfall distribution index was able to predict the wheat/barley yield with high accuracy ( R 2 > 0.75) in locations with lower elevation and higher average annual minimum temperature (such as Lordegan and Ardal). Compared to seasonal rainfall indices, annual rainfall indices showed weaker predictive accuracy in all locations. Furthermore, a significant relationship ( p ‐value < 0.0001) with a high coefficient of determination ( R 2 > 0.80) was found between spring rainfall index, spring minimum temperature, and wheat/barley yield in all locations. Therefore, incorporating minimum mean air temperature with the spring rainfall index is recommended for yield prediction for all locations. Economic analysis revealed that the internal return rates in Borujen, Farsan, Lordegan and Ardal exceeded the bank interest rate (14%), indicating that cultivating wheat and barley in these four locations was profitable and economic. Moreover, an exponential relationship between the average annual temperature and internal return rate was also established, offering a useful tool for farmers and planners to estimate the internal return rate based on only the average annual temperature.

Climate change, its causes and consequences are an extremely relevant topic today. It is constantly discussed not only in the circles of scientific experts but also in almost all spheres of society because the modern economy is largely dependent on many climatic factors. Climate change is happening quite rapidly around the world as well as in Ukraine. Evidence of climate change is supported by numerous hydrometeorological observations, observations of the amount and intensity of precipitation, temperature indicators and their absolute and average values. These indicators allow us to determine climate change. Long-term monitoring of air temperature makes it possible to characterize the climate change trend and the extent of its spread. Ukraine has a large network of observation points that have their data expertly assessed by the Central Geophysical Observatory. We would like to point out that in recent decades the temperature in the region is continuing to rise based on the archival data from the Ternopil Regional Center for Hydrometeorology and the research of the Central Geophysical Observatory and the Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute under the Ministry for Emergencies and NAS of Ukraine.
 The average annual air temperature rises due to significant warming of summer and winter periods. Regarding the climatic norm, which was calculated from 1961 to 1990, in almost all warm months the temperature exceeds up to 4°C, and in the winter months it exceeds up to 6°C. Having analyzed the observations of the Ternopil Regional Center of Hydrometeorology from 1946 to 2021, we notice that until 1989 the average annual air temperature in the region was much lower than the climatic norm, which is +8,4°C. In the Ternopil region, 2019 was ranked first among the warmest years since 1946, its average temperature was + 10,1°C, which is 1.7°C higher than the climatic norm. According to the Kremenets meteorological station, the average annual air temperature was + 10,5°С in the northern areas. According to the Ternopil Civil Aviation Meteorological Station, the average annual temperature was +9,6°С in the central areas.
 The analysis of changes in precipitation over the study periods demonstrates that, depending on the region, the amount of precipitation is unevenly distributed. For example, in the northern districts of the Ternopil region, the number of years that exceed the annual average rainfall norm increases with each passing decade. The years with the highest precipitation for the entire period of our research were 2001, 2008 and 2012. A similar trend of increase in precipitation was not observed in the central areas of the region. The amount of precipitation throughout the period 1992-2020 was constantly changing between dry and wet years. Therefore, no steady growth trend has been recorded. According to the Ternopil Civil Aviation Meteorological Station, in the last decade, the amount of precipitation has decreased significantly. Throughout 2015-2020 the annual amount did not exceed 564 mm. Typical of the territory of our region is the predominance of summer over winter precipitation - almost 70% of the annual amount of precipitation falls in the summer season. Having analyzed the results of observations from 1992 to 2021, we note that throughout 1992-2011 a significant increase in precipitation compared to the climatic norm in July and August was observed. In the following years, the amount of precipitation in these months sharply decreased, which became one of the factors of hydrological drought.
 Key words: climate, climate change, climatic norm, Ternopil region.

Annual temperature data from thirty meteorological stations in Pakistan’s major urban areas were selected to investigate trends in annual average and maximum temperature during 1970–2009. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests including linear regression, the Mann-Kendall trend test and Sen’s slope estimator was used for the analysis. Annual average and maximum temperature series showed an overall increasing trend for 90% of the stations and a decreasing trend for 10% of the stations in the study area. The highest significant increment of annual average temperature was observed at Gilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta and Lasbela stations at the rate of 0.49 °C per decade. The highest increment of annual maximum temperature was obtained at Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah and Quetta at the rate of 0.31 °C per decade. According to simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, the annual average temperature showed a significant increasing trend for 43% of the stations (at a 0.001 level of significance) and 23% of the stations (at the 0.05 level). Annual maximum temperature showed a significant increasing trend for 26% of the stations (at the 0.001 level of significance) and 23% of the stations (at the 0.05 level). In general, the results showed increasing trends for the considered parameters, although annual average temperature showed a higher increasing rate than annual maximum temperature during the study period.

Numbers of plant, insect and land bird species on nineteen remote islands in the Southern Hemisphere

Antrhopogenic activities are responsible for exponential increase in temperature in recent dacades. To examine this variation, data from 30 meteorological stations in Pakistan's largest cities were examined to determine the annual average and highest temperatures between 1981 and 2020. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests, including Sen's slope estimator, the Mann-Kendall trend test, and linear regression, were utilized for the analysis. NASA Power Data Access Viewer provides historical climatic datasets which are reliable and provide promising results. We extracted historical footprints of climatic data from NASA website and mapped the trends. About 90% of the meterological stations had rising annual temperature trends, whereas 10% had declining trends. The average annual temperature increased by 0.49 °C per decade in Gilgit, Hyderabad, Quetta, and Lasbela, which was the largest rate of change. Chitral, Gilgit, Nawabshah, and Quetta experienced the biggest increase in annual temperature that was 0.34 °C per decade. Various indicators e.g., simple linear regression and the Mann-Kendall test, respectively, revealed that the yearly average temperature was rising at a 0.001 % (at the 0.06 level). Annual temperatures were increasing at 27 stations and 23 stations were experiencing 0.002 level of significance (at the 0.06 level). Overall, the findings indicated that all climatic parameters were increasing, but during the study period, the annual average temperature was increasing more quickly than the annual maximum temperature.

The aim of this study has been to analyse long-term (1971–2015) changes in climatic conditions in the foothills and Beskid region of the Western Carpathian Mountains (South-Eastern Poland), on the basis of selected geoindicators calculated by reference to average annual and monthly air temperatures and precipitation. Climatic conditions were analysed for the Szymbark Research Station of the Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IGSO PAS). Average daily air temperature and daily amounts of precipitation were referred to. The average annual temperature over the 45 years (1971–2015) was 8.1°C. The annual temperature ranged from 6.3°C (1980) to 9.9°C (2014). In the multi-year period analysed, there was an increase in the average annual temperature of about 0.4°C/10 years, which testifies to an intensification of continental climatic characteristics, confirming the course of and trends of two geoindicators of climate, i.e. oceanism after Marsz (Oc) and continentalism after Gorczynski (KG). This increased average annual temperature has the effect of shifting the onset of the thermal pre-winter period (5-0° C) to the end of the year, while also increasing the length of the growing season, by an average of 5 days/10 years. The multi-year period analysed has also witnessed a decrease in the number of cold months. The average annual precipitation was 834 mm (1971–2015). This contrasts with the maximum amount (of 1164 mm) noted in 1974, as well as the minimum (of 535 mm) recorded in 1982. Overall, annual rainfall increased, by 16.2 mm/10 years. However, the rainfall geoindicator (LAN) showed a downward trend due to the increased the average annual air temperature. Equally, the pluviometric geoindicator P showed an increased trend influenced by ever-greater annual amplitude of temperature. Based on the classifications of monthly temperature and precipitation, it was find an increased trend of warm and wet months, as associated with a reduced incidence of cold and dry months. The values of indicators calculated for the Szymbark Research Station in 1971–2015 are similar to those recorded in other mountainous areas in Europe.

Climate changes for the past 52 ka clarified by total organic carbon concentrations and pollen composition in Lake Biwa, Japan

Assessing conservation values of forest stands based on specialised lichens and birds

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 中国北方春小麦生育期变化的区域差异性与气候适应性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306091491 作者: 作者单位: 中国气象科学研究院,中国气象科学研究院,中国气象科学研究院,中国气象科学研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目(2010CB951302);国家自然科学基金资助项目(41275115) The regional diversity of changes in growing duration of spring wheat and its correlation with climatic adaptation in Northern China Author: Affiliation: Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:利用北方18个农业气象观测站春小麦主要发育期和气象观测等资料,通过相关性分析等方法,研究了北方春小麦生育期间气候和发育期变化特点及发育期变化区域差异性形成原因。结果表明,我国北方春小麦生长季普遍增温,大部分观测站春小麦生育期间和灌浆期的平均气温显著升高,有效积温显著增加,生育期显著缩短。然而,稳定通过0 ℃初日没有显著提前,表明增温主要发生在生长季后期。春小麦主要发育期和生育期与不同生育阶段的平均气温和有效积温的相关性分析表明,后期增温并没有完全显著提前成熟期,春小麦生育期缩短是播种期推迟和成熟期提前共同作用的结果。春小麦生育期间的平均气温与生育期的相关性比有效积温与生育期的相关性更高,能更好地定量刻画北方春小麦生长发育客观规律。春小麦品种改良变换、播种期调整以及其它适应性措施的实施以及措施实施程度在区域上的差异性是春小麦生育期变化区域差异的主要原因。北方春小麦生长发育的区域性差异是各自适应气候变化的结果。 Abstract:Changes in climate have had a significant impact on crop growth and development across China. However, the responses in crop phenology and growing duration to climate change were regionally diverse, especially in northern China where spring wheat is planted as the staple crop. This study explored the time trends and characteristics of the changes in climate variables as well as the phenology and growing duration of spring wheat. The correlations between these variables have also been examined to find the reasons for the regional diversity of spring wheat growth and development in response to climate change, based on the spring wheat phenology data set and meteorology derived from 18 agricultural meteorological observation stations and the use of correlation analysis methods. The results show that the annual average air temperatures during February to August, which represent the thermal resource availability for the spring wheat growing season, have a significant warming trend since 1980, with the largest increase in temperature measured as 0.78 ℃/decade. However, the initial dates of more than zero Celsius degree have not become significantly earlier. In response to these characteristics of changes in climate, the planting and seedling dates have not become significantly earlier, showing some significant and slight delay in some stations and slight advancement in others. The annual average temperatures and growing degree days, from planting to maturity and grain filling stages have increased significantly, indicating that regional warming in northern China mainly occurs during the reproductive growth stage rather than in vegetative growth stage. Due to the delay and advancement in planting dates in some stations, the growing duration during the growing period has decreased significantly in 10 stations and slightly decreased in the other stations. However, the results of correlation analyses show that the correlation coefficients between planting dates and growing durations are noticeably higher than that between the maturity dates and growing duration, suggesting a greater influence from changes in planting date on the growing duration when compared to maturity date. There are stronger correlations between growing duration and annual average temperature than between growing duration and growing degree days, indicating that the relationship between the annual average temperature and growing duration can better describe the principal process of spring wheat growth and development than the relationship between growing degree days and growing duration. Along with global warming, the measures implemented for climate adaptation, such as cultivar improvement, adjustment of planting dates and others, as well as the regional differences in performance, have caused the regional diversity in the changes to spring wheat growth and development. The regional diversity of changes in growth and development has been the result of adaptation to climate change over the past decades. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Рurpose: to establish the relationship between cardiovascular diseases in Ukraine and an increase in the average annual temperature.
 Materials and Мethods. The data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine on the number of cases of cardiovascular diseases from 1990 to 2013, as well as on the share of the urban and rural population in various regions for 1990, 2000 and 2013 were analyzed. Statistical data starting from 2014 were not used due to their absence from the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine. Average annual temperatures were obtained from the global database – The Global Historical Climatology Network. With the help of the National reports on the state of the natural environment in Ukraine, atmospheric air pollution in the regions of Ukraine was assessed. Statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out using correlation and regression analysis with determination of the reliability of the approximation.
 Results. A direct average correlation between average annual temperatures and the number of newly registered cases of cardiovascular diseases in Ukraine between 1990 and 2013 was established (correlation coefficient +0.5). After carrying out an analysis between the regions of Ukraine, it was established that in the regions with direct strong and medium correlations between the number of newly detected diseases of the circulatory system and average annual air temperatures (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Luhansk, Kharkiv, Donetsk, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Kyiv, Sumy, Kherson, Odesa, Mykolaiv, Kirovohrad, Lviv, Zhytomyr regions) the urban population prevails, as well as a higher air pollution index. In other regions of Ukraine, where the rural population predominates, a weak straight line is established, as well as inverse correlation dependences and a lower level of atmospheric air pollution.
 Conclusions. In recent decades, the average annual temperature of the environment has been increasing, which has a negative effect on human health, in particular on the cardiovascular system, causing its damage. Therefore, it is important to start acting now to avoid the negative consequences of global warming.