Long-life potassium metal batteries enabled by anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase using concentrated ionic liquid electrolytes

Abstract

Potassium metal batteries (PMBs) show great potential as next-generation energy storage systems yet face challenges such as the dendritic growth of the potassium anode, leading to issues with cycle life and safety. This study reports a potassium salt-concentrated ionic liquid electrolyte (PCIL) consisting of potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI) and 1-methyl-1-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Pyr13FSI) to achieve long-life and, safe PMBs. PCIL presents several advantages including outstanding oxidation stability (≈5.2 V), decent ionic conductivity (4.0 mS cm−1 at 25 °C), and negligible flammability. Moreover, PCIL promotes the development of anion-derived solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) with high inorganic content. This not only hinders the growth of potassium dendrites but also facilitates facile interfacial charge transfer kinetics. Benefiting from these advantages, PMBs (K||KVPO4F) employing PCIL exhibit remarkable cycle performances at both ambient and elevated temperatures (capacity retention after 300 cycles: 74.8% at 25 °C and 82.9% at 45 °C), surpassing the performance of conventional carbonate (1 M KPF6 EC/PC) and dilute potassium ionic liquid electrolyte (PIL). This work demonstrates the tangible capability of PCIL in realizing practical PMBs.