Long Cycle Life for Rechargeable Lithium Battery using Organic Small Molecule Dihydrodibenzo[c,h][2,6]naphthyridine-5,11-dione as a Cathode after Isoindigo Pigment Isomerization.

Abstract

Sustainability and adaptability in structural design of the organic cathodes present promises for applications in alkali metal ion batteries. Nevertheless, a formidable challenge lies in their high solubility in organic electrolytes, particularly for small molecular materials, impeding cycling stability and high capacity. This study focuses on the design and synthesis of organic small molecules, the isomers of (E)-5,5'-difluoro-[3,3'-biindolinylidene]-2,2'-dione (EFID) and 3,9-difluoro-6,12-dihydrodibenzo [c, h][2,6]naphthyridine-5,11-dione (FBND). While EFID, characterized by a less π-conjugated structure, exhibits subpar cycling stability in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), intriguingly, another isomer, FBND, demonstrates exceptional capacity and cycling stability in LIBs. FBND delivers a remarkable capacity of 175mAhg-1 at a current density of 0.05Ag-1 and maintains excellent cycling stability over 2000 cycles, retaining 90% of its initial capacity. Furthermore, an in-depth examination of redox reactions and storage mechanisms of FBND are conducted. The potential of FBND is also explored as an anode in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and as a cathode in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The FBND framework, featuring extended π-conjugated molecules with an imide structure compared to EFID, proves to be an excellent material template to develop advanced organic small molecular cathode materials for sustainable batteries.