Abstract
A physical design flow consists of producing a production-worthy layout from a gate-level netlist subject to a set of constraints. This chapter focuses on the problems imposed by shrinking process technologies, and their solutions in the context of design flows with an emphasis on the complex interactions between logic optimization, placement, and routing. The chapter exposes the problems of timing and design closure, signal integrity, design variable dependencies, clock and power/ground routing, and design signoff. It also surveys logical and physical design flows, and describes a refinement-based flow.
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