Lodgepole pine, jack pine, and their hybrids: molecular markers reveal mountain pine beetle host-range expansion into jack pine of the boreal forest

Abstract

Background Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia) is found in western North America, extending from the Yukon into British Columbia and Washington, and along the Rocky Mountains and eastern slopes to Colorado [1]. Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is a closely related species found east of the Rockies, mainly in Canada’s boreal forest from the Northwest Territories to Quebec [1]. Lodgepole and jack pine ranges overlap in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories, where these species hybridize (Fig. 1). In the absence of reliable molecular markers, morphological characteristics are commonly used to distinguish lodgepole pine, jack pine and hybrids. However, hybrids and pure species can be difficult to visually distinguish, particularly at the presumed periphery of the hybrid zone, which is poorly described. Mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is indigenous to western North America. In the current MPB outbreak, more than 14 million hectares of mainly lodgepole pine forests have sustained MPB-caused mortality in British Columbia alone [2]. Following MPB long range dispersal into northwestern Alberta in 2006, MPB has continued its apparently unprecedented eastward spread into the lodgepole x jack pine hybrid zone of Alberta (Fig. 1). To better define this hybrid zone, we developed microsatellite and SNP markers that distinguish the pure species from hybrids. We then used the microsatellite markers to test the hypothesis that the MPB epidemic has spread into jack pine.