Abstract
Despite efforts to develop and conserve water resources, almost every year during the dry season, some areas in Central Java province in Indonesia still experience a lack of water, especially in rural villages. These areas require water supply via water trucks and/or portable pumps to obtain water from rivers and groundwater. The Central Java government committed to implementing a program involving the construction of 1000 small reservoirs by 2020 to overcome water shortages. However, the technically ideal sites are mostly privately owned, which requires lengthy and costly land acquisition. To avoid the uncertainty of land acquisition, some small reservoirs were placed on state-owned land, which did not require land acquisition. The consideration of putting more emphasis on state-owned land rather than technically ideal sites for the construction of small reservoirs raise the issue on the location suitability of those reservoirs. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of the location of small reservoirs in the Bodri-Kuto river basin using the monthly standardized precipitation index (SPI). We used rainfall records of 25 stations in the river basin from 2000 to 2016 and analyzed yearly and monthly rainfall data. The yearly analysis shows that the dry conditions (SPI < −0.5) from 2005 to 2009 affected more than half of the rainfall stations (>50%), whereas the rainfall stations that experienced more dry years included Kedung Wungu, Babadan, Bojong, Ketapang, Sekopek, and Podowaras (more than 9 out of 17 years). The monthly SPI shows that during July, August, and September, all the rainfall stations experience moderately dry or worse conditions (SPI < −0.50). Using 25 rainfall stations, we determined the spatial spread of dry conditions using monthly SPI values from July, August, and September. Overlay of the spatial spread of dry conditions with the location of small reservoirs can be used to evaluate the suitability of small reservoir locations. We found that 1 (3%) location is very suitable, 7 (21%) locations are suitable, 24 (73%) locations are moderately suitable, and 1 (3%) location is less suitable. The findings indicate that the spatial distribution of SPI can be used as an additional criterion for evaluating the suitability of small reservoirs’ locations should technically ideal locations be unavailable.
Highlights
Since the issuance of water resources law No 7/2004 in Indonesia, as modified by lawNo 17/2019, the development of water resources has been intense, including efforts to conserve and develop water resources, as well as implementing programs for mitigating water-related disasters, Water 2020, 12, 993; doi:10.3390/w12040993 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2020, 12, 993 developing water resources information systems, and encouraging stakeholders’ participation in water resources development.In Central Java province, two river basins are managed by the provincial government: Bodri-Kuto and Pemali-Comal
We evaluated the suitability of locations for small reservoirs at the Bodri-Kuto river basin using the monthly standardized precipitation index (SPI) [6]
We used secondary data of 17 years (2000–2016) of rainfall records from 25 stations in the catchment obtained from the Water Resources Agency in Central Java; the location of emergency water supply and irrigation data were obtained from the Kendal Disaster Management Agency; and the location of the small reservoirs that 1) have been completed (Tables 1 and 2) are undergoing construction and are planned (Table 2) were collected from the Water Resources Agency in the Central Java province, the Agricultural Department, and the Forestry Department
Summary
Since the issuance of water resources law No 7/2004 in Indonesia, as modified by lawNo 17/2019, the development of water resources has been intense, including efforts to conserve and develop water resources, as well as implementing programs for mitigating water-related disasters, Water 2020, 12, 993; doi:10.3390/w12040993 www.mdpi.com/journal/waterWater 2020, 12, 993 developing water resources information systems, and encouraging stakeholders’ participation in water resources development.In Central Java province, two river basins are managed by the provincial government: Bodri-Kuto and Pemali-Comal. Since the issuance of water resources law No 7/2004 in Indonesia, as modified by law. No 17/2019, the development of water resources has been intense, including efforts to conserve and develop water resources, as well as implementing programs for mitigating water-related disasters, Water 2020, 12, 993; doi:10.3390/w12040993 www.mdpi.com/journal/water. In Central Java province, two river basins are managed by the provincial government: Bodri-Kuto and Pemali-Comal. Water deficiency still occurs in the areas, especially during the dry season. Since 2015, some regencies in Central Java experienced drought problems, a lack of clean water supply, and a lack of irrigation water. Some emergency actions were undertaken, such as supplying clean water by deploying water trucks and using portable pumps to pump water from rivers or ground water for irrigation. Kendal Regency, one of regencies in the Bodri-Kuto river basin, was declared by the Provincial Disaster Mitigation
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