Localization of Shiga toxins of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in kidneys of paediatric and geriatric patients with fatal haemolytic uraemic syndrome

Abstract

Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. Infection with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), mainly O157:H7, has been strongly implicated as the major cause of HUS in children. The pathogenesis of HUS caused by the infection is not well understood and the defined sites of Stx in kidney of EHEC-infected humans has not been clearly demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the locations of Stx deposition in kidneys of paediatric and geriatric patients who died from enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 (EHEC) associated HUS, using an immunoperoxidase staining of the tissues. The study revealed that binding of Stx was relatively less and limited only to the renal tubules of an adult case (81 years old), while more binding was found at both renal tubules and glomeruli of an infant case (21 months old). The Stx binding in the infant's glomeruli was at podocytes, mesangial and endothelial cells. It has been known that young children are more susceptible than adults to HUS. One possibility for this is that the more extensive binding of the Stx to the kidney tissue of the paediatric patient might be due to the higher synthesis and expression of Stx receptors, i.e. Gb3, in infants and less so in the aged individuals. However, other alternatives are possible, for example, the difference in stage of HUS in individual patients. Thus it is too early to draw any conclusion on this enigma and further investigation is required.