Abstract
The increase of the technology related to radio localization and the exponential rise in the data traffic demanded requires a large number of base stations to be installed. This increase in the base stations density also causes a sharp rise in energy consumption of cellular networks. Consequently, energy saving and cost reduction is a significant factor for network operators in the development of future localization networks. In this paper, a localization method based on ray-tracing and fingerprinting techniques is presented. Simulation tools based on high frequencies are used to characterize the channel propagation and to obtain the ray-tracing data. Moreover, the fingerprinting technique requires a costly initial learning phase for cell fingerprint generation (radio-map). To estimate the localization of mobile stations, this paper compares power levels and delay between rays as cost function with different distance metrics. The experimental results show that greater accuracy can be obtained in the location process using the delay between rays as a cost function and the Mahalanobis distance as a metric instead of traditional methods based on power levels and the Euclidean distance. The proposed method appears well suited for localization systems applied to indoor and outdoor scenarios and avoids large and costly measurement campaigns.
Highlights
Localization is an important aspect of GPS-alternative positioning systems and has considerable importance in general communications areas [1]
In traditional indoor location systems based on Wi-Fi networks, the Euclidean distance between the radio frequency (RF) power levels of the received signals and the RF levels stored in a database is employed as a metric in the location process [13]
Alternative detection methods that can be employed in the fingerprinting technique for a mobile location have been presented
Summary
Localization is an important aspect of GPS-alternative positioning systems and has considerable importance in general communications areas [1]. The development of new radio access standards prompted the exploration of new techniques to improve the location accuracy, which is based on the signals available from the wireless devices that comprise these standards [2,3,4,5,6] In this communication, the problem of the indoor location, which is based on the signals available in the wireless devices that comprise Wi-Fi and Wi-Max networks within the broadband wireless systems, is presented [7,8,9,10]. Due to an increase in new broadband networks (UWB), for example, Wi-Max, the exploration of new techniques is necessary to improve the location accuracy using alternative detection methods based on the relative delays of available signals in the observing points, which are Energies 2019, 12, 2943; doi:10.3390/en12152943 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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