Local sustainable development and carbon neutrality in cities in developing and emerging countries

Abstract

The notion of local (city-level) sustainable development (LSD) is explored against the backdrop of urban dynamics and the international discussions on sustainable development. Urban metabolism is a key concept used in the analysis. Overall, sustainable urban development is seen to have an internal dimension and an external dimension, even though urban jurisdictions may be restricted to the former. Sustainable cities (SCs) and policies for LSD are discussed conceptually and in terms of their operational use, with a focus on urban policies in developing and emerging countries. Examples are given of SCs in China. Cities with strategies related especially to climate change are considered separately and analysed in terms of developed–developing, adaptation or mitigation focus. Again, examples of especially ‘low-carbon’ cities in China are presented. From these elements, this paper extracts some elements of a (social science) research agenda in urban environmental studies.