Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most successful immunology applications that has considerably improved human health. The DNA vaccine is a new vaccine being developed since the early 1990s. Although the DNA vaccine is promising, no human DNA vaccine has been approved to date. The main problem facing DNA vaccine efficacy is the lack of a DNA vaccine delivery system. Several studies explored this limitation. One of the best DNA vaccine delivery systems uses a live bacterial vector as the carrier. The live bacterial vector induces a robust immune response due to its natural characteristics that are recognized by the immune system. Moreover, the route of administration used by the live bacterial vector is through the mucosal route that beneficially induces both mucosal and systemic immune responses. The mucosal route is not invasive, making the vaccine easy to administer, increasing the patient’s acceptance. Lactic acid bacterium is one of the most promising bacteria used as a live bacterial vector. However, some other attenuated pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp., have been used as DNA vaccine carriers. Numerous studies showed that live bacterial vectors are a promising candidate to deliver DNA vaccines.
Highlights
The DNA vaccine is a new vaccine with a bacterial plasmid as the antigen gene vector
The expressed antigen could be designed as an extracellular protein, which is detected by Major Histocompability Complex (MHC) class II or an intracellular protein that is recognized by MHC class I
Mucosal route vaccine delivery systems are based on mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), which is found on various mucosal surface areas
Summary
The DNA vaccine is a new vaccine with a bacterial plasmid as the antigen gene vector. The mammalian expression cassette consists of a eukaryotic promoter for gene bacterial backbone [27]. The bacterial backbone should antigen gene is highly expressed to effectively generate the immune response [29]. The Escherichia coli Ori ColE1 found, for instance, as OriV of the pUC vector, is still a prominent choice of bacterial origin of replication because of its high copy number of up to 500–700 copies per choice of bacterial origin of replication because of its high copy number of up to 500–700 copies per bacterial cell [32] This OriV was used in the early generation DNA vaccines, such as in pVAK1 to the bacterial cell [32]. R region of the long terminal repeat from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) to CMV enhancer/promoter markedly increased DNA vaccine immunogenicity in both mice and non-human primates [45]
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