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Abstract
Understanding aquifer lithofacies and depth of occurrence, and what factors influence its quality and chemistry are of paramount importance to the management of groundwater resource. Subsurface lithofacies distribution was characterized by resistivity and validated with available subsurface geology. Resistivity values varied from less than 100 Ωm to above 1000 Ωm. Lithofacies identified includes clay, clayey sand, sand and peat. Shallow unconfined and confined aquifers occurred at depths ranging from 0 to 12 m and 18 to 63 m, respectively. Geochemistry and multivariate statistical analysis consisting of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were used for the determination of quality and groundwater evolution. Groundwater types depicted by Piper plots were Ca3+, Cl− and Na+, Cl−, which was characterized by low dissolved ions, slightly acidic and Fe2+. The dominant variables influencing groundwater quality as returned by PCA were organic pollution resulting from swampy depositional environment, anthropogenic effects resulting from septic and leachates from haphazard dumpsites mixing with groundwater from diffuse sources. In addition, the weathering and dissolution of aquifer sediments rich in feldspar and clay minerals have considerable impact on groundwater quality. CA depicted two distinct types of groundwater that are significantly comparable to those obtained from Piper plots.
Highlights
Groundwater aquifers of the western Niger Delta are essentially the single source of potable and industrial sources of water
Resistivity data was coupled with borehole logs to study the lithofacies of the subsurface geology
The results revealed that the subsurface geology consists of clay, sand, sandy clay and peat
Summary
Groundwater aquifers of the western Niger Delta are essentially the single source of potable and industrial sources of water. The quality of groundwater is relevant to what specific function and purpose it may be used for [1]. The quality of groundwater is affected by the geology of the subsurface through which it interacts [2], anthropogenic effects and surface–groundwater interaction [3] and biogeochemical reactions [4]. The depth at which aquifers occur beneath the earth surface plays a significant purpose in affecting the quality of groundwater. Aquifers mantled by impermeable geological materials tend to retard migration of contaminants and are less vulnerable to contamination compared to those with underlying permeable materials. The quality of groundwater in an aquifer is essentially controlled by the lithology above and within it [5]
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