Abstract
Modelling, simulation, and validation of the 12-volt battery pack using a 20 Ah lithium–nickel–manganese–cobalt–oxide cell is presented in this paper. The cell characteristics influenced by thermal effects are also considered in the modelling. The parameters normalized directly from a single cell experiment are foundations of the model. This approach provides a systematic integration of actual cell monitoring with a module model that contains four cells connected in series. The validated battery module model then is utilized to form a high fidelity 80 Ah 12-volt battery pack with 14.4 V nominal voltage. The battery cell thermal effectiveness and battery module management system functions are constructed in the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The experimental tests are carried out in an industry-scale setup with cycler unit, temperature control chamber, and computer-controlled software for battery testing. As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI), stop–start engine idling elimination, and stationary energy storage applications, this paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature and charging/discharging currents on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity. The proposed simulation model provides design guidelines for lithium-ion polymer batteries in electrified vehicles and stationary electric energy storage applications.
Highlights
Lead–acid-based batteries have a long-term historical usage in the automotive and stationary standby power market, ranging from 12-volt high-power such as automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI) applications, low-power applications such as emergency lighting or uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) for individual computers, to high-power, high-voltage electric energy storage in renewable energy systems or UPSs telecommunications facilities
As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI), stop–start engine idling elimination, and stationary energy storage applications, this paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature and charging/discharging currents on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity
As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive SLI, micro-hybrid, and UPS applications, this paper investigates the ambient temperature effect on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity
Summary
Lead–acid-based batteries have a long-term historical usage in the automotive and stationary standby power market, ranging from 12-volt high-power such as automotive starting–lighting–ignition (SLI) applications, low-power applications such as emergency lighting or uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) for individual computers, to high-power, high-voltage electric energy storage in renewable energy systems or UPSs telecommunications facilities. The lithium-ion batteries experience slow chemical reaction and charged transfer-rate, which decrease ionic conductivity and diffusivity [12,13]. The battery cell characteristics are determined by the electrode materials, electrolyte materials, cell size and shape, as well as the operating conditions including temperature, charging, discharging current, etc. As the 12-volt lithium-ion battery packs might be ready for mainstream adoption in automotive SLI, micro-hybrid (or stop–start engine idling elimination), and UPS applications, this paper investigates the ambient temperature effect on the battery performance in terms of discharging voltage and usable capacity. The proposed simulation model provides design guidelines for lithium-ion polymer batteries in electric-drive vehicle and stationary UPS applications
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