Lithium-ion ferrous phosphate prismatic cell aging analysis and assessment for the development of battery management systems

Abstract

Electric off-road vehicles are gaining popularity as an alternative to fossil fuel-driven vehicles due to their efficiency and eco-friendliness. A series of numerical modelling and experimentation analysis is required to evaluate the trade-off between battery accuracy and life span to identify optimal battery management system design. In this study, investigations were carried out on a lithium-ion ferrous phosphate (LFP) prismatic cell in an electric-powered farm tiller application using the single particle model (SPM) method. The SPM method was used to analyse the battery's behaviour during charge–discharge profiles at 0.5, 1, and 2C ratings. By applying SPM discharging profiles, the Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) empirical analysis carried out cascaded thermal investigations. The NTGK and experimental studies showed a difference in the error of 0.23 %, 0.38 %, and 0.65 % for the 0.5, 1, and 2C ratings, respectively. Model order reduction (MOR) studies were performed to compute the heat generation rate in a prismatic cell comprising electrode pairs, separators, and current collectors. A parallel study of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimentation was performed to evaluate the charge transfer resistance analysis for 500, 1000, and 1500 cyclic operations under different depths of discharge (DOD) conditions. The EIS studies assessed charge transfer resistance at maximum DOD conditions for the mentioned cyclic operations were found to be 135, 140, and 164 mΩ.