Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a common seafood intoxication mainly caused by the consumption of fish contaminated by ciguatoxins. Recent studies showed that Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) is the main toxin causing CP through fish caught in the Northeast Atlantic, e.g., Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). The use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) allowed the initial confirmation of the presence of C-CTX1 in contaminated fish samples from the abovementioned areas, nevertheless the lack of commercially available reference materials for these particular ciguatoxin (CTX) analogues has been a major limitation to progress research. The EuroCigua project allowed the preparation of C-CTX1 laboratory reference material (LRM) from fish species (Seriola fasciata) from the Madeira archipelago (Portugal). This reference material was used to implement a liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the detection of C-CTX1, acquisition of full-scan as well as collision-induced mass spectra of this particular analogue. Fragmentation pathways were proposed based on fragments obtained. The optimized LC-HRMS method was then applied to confirm C-CTX1 in fish (Bodianus scrofa) caught in the Selvagens Islands (Portugal).
Highlights
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a food intoxication mainly related to the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) [1]
Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered the most adequate approach for CTX detection, due to the ability for the separation of the different analogues involved in the contamination and for their sensitive detection by monitoring their mass-to-charge ratio
A laboratory reference material (LRM) of Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) isolated from amberjack, Seriola fasciata, was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS))
Summary
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a food intoxication mainly related to the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) [1]. A main difficulty in advancing CP research is the lack of reference materials of these toxins and the numerous toxic analogues present in the toxic samples [7,8]. This lack of reference materials limits progress in method development and identification of CTX analogues responsible for the CP. Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered the most adequate approach for CTX detection, due to the ability for the separation of the different analogues involved in the contamination and for their sensitive detection by monitoring their mass-to-charge ratio. Several LC-MS/MS methods have been developed for CTX analysis [4,9,10,11]
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