Abstract
Biosurfactant compounds have been studied in many applications, including biomedical, food, cosmetic, agriculture, and bioremediation areas, mainly due to their low toxicity, high biodegradability, and multifunctionality. Among biosurfactants, the lipoplexes of lipoaminoacids play a key role in medical and pharmaceutical fields. Lipoaminoacids (LAAs) are amino acid-based surfactants that are obtained from the condensation reaction of natural origin amino acids with fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives. LAA can be produced by biocatalysis as an alternative to chemical synthesis and thus become very attractive from both the biomedical and the environmental perspectives. Gemini LAAs, which are made of two hydrophobic chains and two amino acid head groups per molecule and linked by a spacer at the level of the amino acid residues, are promising candidates as both drug and gene delivery and protein disassembly agents. Gemini LAA usually show lower critical micelle concentration, interact more efficiently with proteins, and are better solubilising agents for hydrophobic drugs when compared to their monomeric counterparts due to their dimeric structure. A clinically relevant human gene therapy vector must overcome or avoid detect and silence foreign or misplaced DNA whilst delivering sustained levels of therapeutic gene product. Many non-viral DNA vectors trigger these defence mechanisms, being subsequently destroyed or rendered silent. The development of safe and persistently expressing DNA vectors is a crucial prerequisite for a successful clinical application, and it one of the main strategic tasks of non-viral gene therapy research.
Highlights
Cationic lipids or cationic surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain a positively charged hydrophilic moiety linked to a hydrophobic domain, usually one or two long alkyl chains or a sterol motif.Lipoaminoacids (LAAs) are amino acid-based surfactants obtained from the condensation reaction of natural amino acids with fatty acids or fatty acid derivatives that meet the requirements of both biological and ecological compatibility
This review focuses on several aspects that are related to the enzyme-based production of lipoaminoacids, their biological applications as gene delivery vectors, and future trends
The results were corroborated in vivo according to aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine serum levels, as well as histological examination of spleen, liver, and kidney after intravenous LAA administration to mice (10 mg/kg body weight) [29]
Summary
Cationic lipids or cationic surfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain a positively charged hydrophilic moiety (headgroup) linked to a hydrophobic domain, usually one or two long alkyl chains (tails) or a sterol motif. LAAs offer the additional advantage of being amenable to production by biocatalysis in alternative to chemical synthesis and have, become very attractive from both biomedical and the environmental perspectives. Cationic gemini surfactants have attracted attention as efficient transfection therapy crucially depends on the development ofspecial effective vectors, especially for theagents safe in vitro and promising alternatives to viral vectors gene therapy [4,5,6]. LAAs are thustherapy promising that meet the requirements of physiological and Nowadays, gene hastransfection emerged asagents an effective approach in the treatment or prevention ecological of genetic, compatibility. In some there are several hurdles approach for overcoming in developing effective of genetic, acquired diseases, or as ancellular alternative method to chemotherapy in cancer treatment gene-based therapies, which include uptake, endosomal escape avoiding.
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