Abstract
The cold-water gorgonian coral Paragorgia arborea is considered as a foundation species of deep-sea ecosystems in the northern Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To advance lipidomic studies of deep-sea corals, molecular species compositions of diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE), which are specific storage lipids of corals, and structural glycerophospholipids (GPL) including ethanolamine, choline, inositol and serine GPL (PE, PC, PI, and PS, respectively) were analyzed in P. arborea by HPLC and tandem mass spectrometry. In DAGE molecules, alkyl groups (16:0, 14:0, and 18:1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and monounsaturated FA are mainly substituted the glycerol moiety at position sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3, respectively. The ether form (1-O-alkyl-2-acyl) predominates in PE and PC, while PI is comprised of the 1,2-diacyl form. Both ether and diacyl forms were observed in PS. At position sn-2, C20 PUFA are mainly attached to PC, but C24 PUFA, soft coral chemotaxonomic markers, concentrate in PS, PI, and PE. A comparison of non-polar parts of molecules has shown that DAGE, ether PE, and ether PC can originate from one set of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerols. Ether PE may be converted to ether PS by the base-exchange reaction. A diacylglycerol unit generated from phosphatidic acid can be a precursor for diacyl PS, PC, and PI. Thus, a lipidomic approach has confirmed the difference in biosynthetic origins between ether and diacyl lipids of deep-sea gorgonians.
Highlights
Lipidomic studies of organisms, cells, or tissues begin with a quantitative characterization of full profiles of certain lipid molecules commonly referred to as lipid molecular s pecies[1]
Coral colonies exposed to thermal stress demonstrate different dynamics of the triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol ethers (DAGE) c atabolism[44]
The polyunsaturated fatty acids (FA) (PUFA) acyl groups were mainly attached at positions sn-1(3) in triacylglycerols but at position sn-2 in DAGE molecules
Summary
Cells, or tissues begin with a quantitative characterization of full profiles of certain lipid molecules commonly referred to as lipid molecular s pecies[1]. The sustained efforts of numerous research groups resulted in the development of robust methods and mass spectrometry libraries for analyzing lipid molecular species related to human health and d iseases[2]. These methods and libraries can be applied to most eukaryotic systems[3,4,5] with, some restrictions in the case of marine invertebrates[6], which contain fatty acids and lipid classes with specific chemical structures[7,8]. The profile of the lipid molecular species of phospholipid classes and DAGE was analyzed by a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Similarities of non-polar parts of molecules of each lipid class of P. arborea were tested to confirm possible biosynthetic relationships between the coral lipid classes
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