Abstract

Biodiversity indices often combine data from different species when used in monitoring programs. Heuristic properties can suggest preferred indices, but we lack objective ways to discriminate between indices with similar heuristics. Biodiversity indices can be evaluated by determining how well they reflect management objectives that a monitoring program aims to support. For example, the Convention on Biological Diversity requires reporting about extinction rates, so simple indices that reflect extinction risk would be valuable. We developed 3 biodiversity indices that are based on simple models of population viability that relate extinction risk to abundance. We based the first index on the geometric mean abundance of species and the second on a more general power mean. In a third index, we integrated the geometric mean abundance and trend. These indices require the same data as previous indices, but they also relate directly to extinction risk. Field data for butterflies and woodland plants and experimental studies of protozoan communities show that the indices correlate with local extinction rates. Applying the index based on the geometric mean to global data on changes in avian abundance suggested that the average extinction probability of birds has increased approximately 1% from 1970 to 2009.Conectando Índices para el Monitoreo de la Biodiversidad con la Teoría de Riesgo de ExtinciónResumenLos índices de biodiversidad combinan frecuentemente los datos de diferentes especies cuando se usan en los programas de monitoreo. Las propiedades heurísticas pueden sugerir índices preferidos, pero carecemos de medios objetivos para discriminar a los índices con propiedades heurísticas similares. Los índices de biodiversidad pueden evaluarse al determinar qué tan bien reflejan los objetivos de manejo que un programa de monitoreo busca apoyar. Por ejemplo, la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica requiere reportar las tasas de extinción, así que los índices que reflejan el riesgo de extinción serían valiosos. Desarrollamos 3 índices de biodiversidad que se basan en modelos sencillos de viabilidad de población y que relacionan el riesgo de extinción con la abundancia. Basamos el primer índice en la media geométrica de la abundancia de especies, y el segundo en una media de poder más general. En el tercer índice integramos la media geométrica y la tendencia. Estos índices requieren los mismos datos que índices previos, pero también se relacionan directamente con el riesgo de extinción. La información de campo sobre mariposas y plantas de bosque, y los estudios experimentales de comunidades protozoarias, muestran que los índices se correlacionan con las tasas locales de extinción. Al aplicar el índice basado en la media geométrica sobre los datos globales de los cambios en la abundancia de aves, sugirió que la probabilidad de extinción promedio de aves ha incrementado aproximadamente 1% desde 1970 hasta 2009.Palabras ClaveÍndice de biodiversidad, media geométrica, medida de la biodiversidad, riesgo de extinción

Highlights

  • The importance of biodiversity for a healthy and equitable society has been acknowledged by over 190 countries that ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

  • For the simulated communities with variation in mean growth rate among communities, the index based on the power mean (Ib) and the index based on the geometric mean (Ig) were positively correlated with the proportion of species going extinct (Pearson product moment correlations r = 0.39 and r = 0.50, respectively)

  • Variation in mean growth rates among communities explained much of the imperfect correlations; correlations for the index based on population trend were high (r = 0.96; rS = 0.99 for included population trend (It)), and were high for the geometric mean index (Ig) when all communities had the same mean rate of decline (r = 0.97 when μr = −0.2 for all communities)

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Summary

Introduction

The importance of biodiversity for a healthy and equitable society has been acknowledged by over 190 countries that ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The convention has a specific target to reduce the extinction risk of species (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 2010), so monitoring of species extinction is important. While potentially informative, is retrospective, whereas the convention and many other biodiversity programs seek to reduce future extinctions. Biodiversity monitoring programs would be more valuable if they could be interpreted in terms of extinction risk. The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature 2001) Red List is used to calculate the red-list index (defined later) (Butchart et al 2007), 1 of 4 global indicators of biodiversity status and trends approved by the CBD (Jones et al 2011). The relationships of the other 3 indicators (extent of forest; protected-area coverage; and the Living Planet Index [LPI]) (Jones et al 2011) to extinction risk are not explicit

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