Abstract
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis ideae L.) is a low-bush wild plant found in the northern hemisphere. The berries are used in traditional medicine in Finland to treat oral yeast infections. General and oral effects of lingonberries on the microbiome and inflammation are reviewed. A brief introduction to oral microbiome symbiosis and dysbiosis, innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation are included, and special features in microbe/host interactions in the oral environment are considered. In vitro anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and in vivo mouse and human studies are included, focusing on the symbiotic effect of lingonberries on oral and general health.
Highlights
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The microbial load could be seen as an indicator of the risk in a patient of developing a diseased state; initially, high counts of opportunistic pathogens and predisposing factors, e.g., systemic disease, medications and low or immune incompetent saliva, do not tend to overcome the “reservoir” or tolerance of the individual to stay healthy
The periodontopathogenic bacteria belonging to the red triad (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola) are found and occur due to advanced periodontal disease
Summary
Microbiome research acknowledges the concept of a symbiotic/dysbiotic microbiome in health and disease [1]. The normal microbiome competes constantly with pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria, yeasts and viruses for nutrients and attachment sites on host cells. The microbial load could be seen as an indicator of the risk in a patient of developing a diseased state; initially, high counts of opportunistic pathogens and predisposing factors, e.g., systemic disease, medications and low or immune incompetent saliva, do not tend to overcome the “reservoir” or tolerance of the individual to stay healthy. E.g., host immunodeficiency, a dysbiotic microbiome with opportunistic pathogen overgrowth may occur, resulting in a diseased state. - ENHANCED MICROBIAL BURDEN (VPI) - ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY BURDEN (BOP, a-MMP-8, PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES etc.) - POOR ORAL HOMECARE - GENERAL DISEASE, MEDICATIONS. VVPPII ((vviissiibbllee ppllaaqquuee iinnddeexx)),, BBOOPP ((bblleeeeddiinngg oonn pprroobbiinngg)),, aaMMMMPP--88((aaccttiivveemmaattrriixxmmeettaalllloopprrootteeaassee--88))
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