Abstract
Munn (2001), Citko (2005), and others argue that in ATB movement initial and non-initial gaps exhibit asymmetries in reconstruction effects and weak crossover: only the initial ATB gap shows reconstruction and weak crossover. Munn argues that these asymmetries are due to the nature of the gap: the initial ATB gap is a real gap, while non-initial gaps are parasitic gaps. Parasitic gaps are generally claimed to show no reconstruction or weak crossover (e.g., Nissenbaum 2000). We re-examine reconstruction in ATB movement and parasitic gap constructions and show that in most cases the putative asymmetries between gaps are not real, and when there is an asymmetry it is due to linear order and not to the nature of the gap. We conclude that both ATB movement and parasitic gap constructions involve full copies in all gaps.
Highlights
It has long been thought that in ATB movement the initial gap and the subsequent gaps show a number of asymmetries in reconstruction and weak crossover
We argue that both ATB movement and parasitic gap constructions involve extraction from all gaps
To test whether linear order plays a role in the asymmetry for those few speakers who find one, we tested examples of parasitic gap (PG) constructions where the PG precedes the real gap: (5) a. b
Summary
It has long been thought that in ATB movement the initial gap and the subsequent gaps show a number of asymmetries in reconstruction and weak crossover. Munn (2000; 2001) and Citko (2005) show that unlike the initial ATB gap, non-initial gaps are insensitive to reconstruction effects for binding condition A:(1) (Citko 2005, 493, (44)) a. * [Which picture of himselfi] did Mary sell and Johni buy ? b. [Which picture of himselfi] did Johni sell and Mary buy ?In addition, reconstruction effects for binding condition C show up only in the initial gap according to the judgments reported by Munn and Citko:(2) (Citko 2005, 494, (45)) a. * [Which picture of Johni] did hei like and Mary dislike ? b. [Which picture of Johni] did Mary like and hei dislike ?Munn cites examples like those below which show that weak crossover appears only with respect to the initial ATB gap:(3) (Munn 2001, 374, (10a,c))a. [Which mani] did you hire and hisi boss fire ? b. * [Which mani] did hisi boss fire and you hire ?On the basis of these asymmetries, Munn (2001), Zhang (2010), and others argue that noninitial gaps in ATB movement do not involve movement at all, but are occupied by a null element that is not a trace. ATB movement; parasitic gaps; weak crossover; reconstruction; linear order It has long been thought that in ATB movement the initial gap and the subsequent gaps show a number of asymmetries in reconstruction and weak crossover.
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